Glaciation

Question 1

When was the last ice age

Answer 1

About 18,000 years ago

Question 2

What do ice ages have and what are these called

Answer 2

Intermittent warm periods, called interglacials

Question 3

Definition of a glacier

Answer 3

Slow moving rivers of ice

Question 4

An example of a European glacier

Answer 4

Mer de glace, France

Question 5

Definition of ice sheets

Answer 5

The large areas of thick ice found in Antarctica and Greenland

Question 6

Definition of ice caps

Answer 6

Smaller areas of thick ice

Question 7

Definition of crevasses

Answer 7

Cracks in the ice

Question 8

The glacier system consists of what

Answer 8

Input, transfers (flows), stores and outputs

Question 9

Where do inputs come from

Answer 9

From avalanches along the sides of the glacier but mainly from precipitation as snow

Question 10

What happens to snow over time and where is it stored

Answer 10

Snow accumulates and is pressed into ice, the water held in storage is the glacier

Question 11

Under the force of gravity the glacier flows where

Answer 11

Downhill

Question 12

What is the main output from the glacier along with some evaporation

Answer 12

Meltwater

Question 13

What is an iceage

Answer 13

A period when there is long term reduction in the temperature resulting in the presence or expansion of ice

Question 14

What does the the balance between inputs and outputs do

Answer 14

Vary

Question 15

In winter what do inputs normally do

Answer 15

Exceed outputs near to the head of the glacier (accumulation)

Question 16

Where does the glacier advance

Answer 16

Near the head

Question 17

In the summer and at lower altitudes what exceeds what

Answer 17

Outputs will exceed inputs (ablation), here the glacier retreats

Question 18

What are most of the worlds remaining glaciers doing

Answer 18

Retreating

Question 19

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
First step

Answer 19

Water finds its way into small cracks in the rock

Question 20

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
Second step

Answer 20

At night, when temp drops to 0 degrees or below, the water freezes. The water expands as it freezes creating huge forces on surrounding areas of the rock. During the day when temp warms up the frozen water thaws

Question 21

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
Step 3

Answer 21

This process is repeated over and over, causing oh her cracks in the rock

Question 22

Processes that operate in the glacier system:
1- frost shattering
Step four

Answer 22

This process this is called frost shattering or freeze thaw weathering. It provides the main source of material for glaciers to use in erosion

Question 23

Processes that operate in the glacier system:

2- abrasion

Answer 23

The material frozen into the glacier scours the valley sides and base. This is a sand-papering effect similar to corrasion by a river but on a far larger scale

Question 24

Processes that operate in the glacier system:

3- plucking

Answer 24

The water at the bottom of the glacier freezes onto rock on the valley base. As the glacier moves the rock is pulled away from the valley base. Plucking normally occurs when the rock is well jointed

Question 25

Landforms created by glacial erosion 1: corrie First point

Answer 25

Snow collects in a natural hollow on the side of a mountain. Over time further snow collects in the hollow. This extra weight compresses the snow underneath, turning it into ice

Question 26

Landforms created by glacial erosion 1: corrie Second point

Answer 26

The is deepened and widened by the processes of abrasion and plucking

Question 27

Landforms created by glacial erosion 1: corrie Point 3

Answer 27

This leads to an 'armchair' shape and causes a 'rock lip' to be formed

Question 28

Landforms created by glacial erosion | 2: Arête

Answer 28

An arête is a very narrow ridge on a mountain and is sometimes described like a knife edge

Question 29

Landforms created by glacial erosion | 3- pyramidal peak

Answer 29

A pyramidal peak is an angular sharply pointed mounted peak in which results from corrie erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from a central point

Question 30

What is an example of a pyramidal peak

Answer 30

The matterhorn in the Alps

Question 31

Definition of glacial trough/ u shaped called

Answer 31

This is when glaciers cut distinctive u shaped valleys with a flat floor and steep sides

Question 32

Definition of a truncated spur

Answer 32

As the valley glacier moves, abrasion and plucking, erode the protruding tips of the Spurs, leaving the, truncated

Question 33

Definition of a hanging valley

Answer 33

This is a side valley that enters a main valley at a height, high above the main valley floor

Question 34

Definition of a misfit stream

Answer 34

This is a stream that is too small to have eroded the u shaped valley in which it flows

Question 35

Landforms created by glacial deposition: | 1- moraines

Answer 35

Moraine is a type of landform that is created when a glacier deposits the material (till) that it has been transporting

Question 36

Landforms created by glacial deposition: | List 5 types of moraine

Answer 36

``` Lateral Medial Ground Recessional Terminal ```

Question 37

Landforms created by glacial deposition: | 2- drumlins

Answer 37

Drumlins are formed of till. They are elongated features that can reach a kilometre in length or more, 500m or so in width and over 50m in height.

Question 38

Landforms created by glacial deposition: | What is a collection of drumlins called

Answer 38

A swarm

Question 39

Landforms created by glacial deposition: | 3- Glacial stritations

Answer 39

Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion

Question 40

The features of glacial deposition: | Ground moraine

Answer 40

This is moraine that is dragged Beneath a glacier and forms part of the valley floor

Question 41

The features of glacial deposition: | Lateral moraine

Answer 41

This is moraine that is produced from frost shattering of the valley sides and is carried at the sides of the glacier

Question 42

The features of glacial deposition: | Terminal moraine

Answer 42

This is moraine found at at the snout (end) of the glacier and marks the maximum advance of a glacier Material that's deposited and shows maximum advance of glacier and glacier retreats

Question 43

The features of glacial deposition: | Medial moraine

Answer 43

This is moraine found at the centre of a glacier

Question 44

The features of glacial deposition: | Recessional moraine

Answer 44

This is moraine that marks interrupt ions in the retreat of a glacier

Question 45

The features of glacial deposition: | Erratics

Answer 45

This is a boulder that is different to the bedrock upon which it is sitting. They have been transported and deposited by a glacier. Therefore erratics are useful indicators of patterns of former ice flow

Question 46

Landforms as a result of erosion and deposition: | Ribbon lake

Answer 46

These are narrow lakes, found on the valley floors of glacial troughs

Question 47

Landforms as a result of erosion and deposition: | How is a ribbon lake formed

Answer 47

When a glacier moves along its valley, areas of softer rock may be eroded more easily. When a glacier retreats, deepened sections fill with melt water and become lakes. Deposition of moraine, across the valley, can also act as a dam, trapping the meltwater and there by, creating a ribbon lake

Question 48

Landforms as a result of erosion and deposition: Avalanches... What is an avalanche

Answer 48

A mass of snow and ice that moves very rapidly down a mountainside

Question 49

Natural causes of avalanches

Answer 49

In the spring melting weakens the layers of ice and snow causing them to become unstable A small earthquake

Question 50

Human causes of avalanches

Answer 50

People skiing and snowboarding

Question 51

Case study - Galtur Austria (Avalanche) | When

Answer 51

Tuesday 23rd of February 1999

Question 52

Case study - Galtur Austria (Avalanche) | Where

Answer 52

In Galtur, in a small village in the Austrian Alps

Question 53

Case study - Galtur Austria (Avalanche) | Consequences of this Avalanche

Answer 53

8 dead Leading up to 30 missing Tens of thousands stranded, in train stations, traffic jams, and isolated resource towns across France, Switzerland, Italy and Austria, as the avalanche buried roads, homes and railways Helicopters couldn't get in due to bad weather People rescued were badly injured

Question 54

Ways to reduce the hazard of avalanches

Answer 54

by building wooden fences to hold back the snow Trees hold the snow pack together Trees will break up smaller avalanches, preventing them from becoming too dangerous Roads and buildings at risk can have shutes built to protect them

Question 55

Second definition of an interglacial

Answer 55

A period of time between one iceage and another

Question 56

What percent of the planet was covered in ice during the last ice age

Answer 56

30%

Question 57

What do glacial stritations indicate

Answer 57

The direction of ice