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geography > glaciers 2 > Flashcards

glaciers 2 Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

what is till?

A

-an unsorted mix of rocks, clay and sand
-usually transported as supraglacial and glacial material
-is deposited when the ice melts
-can be used to identify where the glacier travelled from

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2
Q

what is englacial transportation?

A

-material inside the glacier
-debris enters through crevasses
Englacial Moraine
-material within the ice that adds to terminal moraines

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3
Q

what is subglacial transportation?

A

-material underneath the glacier
-debris enters through abrasion and plucking
Subglacial Moraine
-material under the ice that is transported within meltwater

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4
Q

what is supraglacial transportation?

A

-material on the surface of the glacier
-debris comes from freeze thaw weathering or avalanches
Supraglacial Moraine
-material on the surface that adds to lateral and medial moraines

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5
Q

formation of an erratic

A

-large boulder that has been deposited
-geology is different to the deposited area - has been moved a long way
-has been transported by a glacier

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6
Q

formation of a drumlin

A

-forms when a glacier moves over the moraine in the valley
-can’t entrain the moraine because it doesn’t have enough energy
-can’t erode the resistant rock in the moraine

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7
Q

what is a lateral moraine?

A

-formed by frost shattered materials that have fallen of the valley walls onto the glacier
-long embankments of material along the sides of the valley

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8
Q

what is a medial moraine?

A

when 2 glaciers join together so 2 lateral moraines join to form a medial moraine, which occurs in the centre of the glacier surface

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9
Q

what is terminal moraine?

A

-occurs across the valley floor in a high mound
-often crescent shaped which corresponds with the snout of the glacier
-marks the furthest point a glacier reached

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10
Q

what is a recessional moraine?

A

-these mounds of material mark the retreat of a glacier
-each recessional moraine indicates a period of retreat
-these may be removed by future advances

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11
Q

what is a push moraine?

A

-develop due to climate change
-if the climate deteriorates enough for the glacier to advance the already deposited moraine will be pushed into a mound

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12
Q

what is a glacial moulin?

A

a hole in the glacier created by meltwater

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13
Q

what is the importance of meltwater?

A

-transports moraine subglacially, allowing erosion to take place
-assists basal sliding
-erodes channels and forms rivers
-can refreeze, binding the base of the glacier to bedrock

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14
Q

formation of an outwash plain/sandur

A

-created by erosion and deposition
-located at the snout of a glacier
-meltwater streams deposit gravel, sand and clay throughout the summer
-can freeze over winter, causing freeze thaw weathering
-larger material is deposited close to the glacier

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15
Q

formation of a braided stream

A

-seasonal melt variants causes fluctuations in sediment load
-excess sediment deposited during low discharge obstructs flow
-usually found on outwash plains
-the channel braids as it looks for a more efficient path

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16
Q

formation of an esker

A

-formed by subglacial flow
-long ridge of sediment running in direction of flow
-made of sorted sand and gravel

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17
Q

formation of a kame

A

-a hill or hummock composed of stratified sand and gravel laid down by glacial meltwater
-deposited along the front of a slowly melting or stationary glacier
-will collapse when the ice retreats

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18
Q

formation of a kame terrace

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A

-sorted sand and gravel forming along the sides of a glacier
-deposited by meltwater streams flowing along the sides of the ice
-warm rock melts the ice close to it, forming a long depression along which a meltwater stream can flow

19
Q

formation of a proglacial lake

Study These Flashcards
A

-a lake developed immediately infront of the glacier
-sediment deposition will occur on the lake bed
-dammed by a terminal moraine

20
Q

formation of a kettle hole

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A

-dead ice is left on an outwash plain by a retreating glacier
-meltwater streams bury blocks of ice under sediment deposits
-the ice melts and leave a depression in the outwash plain called a kettle hole

21
Q

formation of glacial lakes and varves

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A

-lakes on the fringes of the ice are filled with layered deposits
-a varve is a layer of silt lying on top of a layer of sand, deposited over a year
-can be used to show past climates and warmer/cooler periods
-finer silts deposit in winter, heavier deposits form in spring

22
Q

what are glacial deposits?

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A

-unstratified (no layers)
-unsorted
-angular material of various shapes and sizes from physical weathering and erosion

23
Q

what are fluvioglacial deposits?

Study These Flashcards
A

-stratified (layers)
-sorted
-smooth, rounded material

24
Q

why are cold environments fragile?

Study These Flashcards
A

-tundra can take 50 years to return to former state
-damage to the ecosystem can take a long time to recover
-limited rainfall limits plant growth
-cold temperatures
-short summers and long winters

25
antarctica and southern ocean human activities
-sealing and whaling -maritime transport -mining and oil extraction -scientific research -tourism -chemical waste and sewage dumping
26
arctic basin human activities
-sealing and shaking -maritime transport -mining, oil and gas extraction -forestry -caribou herding -tourism -small scale hunting and fur trapping
27
alpine regions human activities
-forestry -energy production (HEP) -transport routes -tourism -agriculture
28
siberia human activities
-finding and hunting -military bases -oil, gas and coal extraction -fresh water supply -forestry -mining -fur trapping
29
why is there a limited range of human activities?
-settlements are remote, isolated and have limited access -a limited range of living and non-living resources -limited biodiversity is not sustainable -large fluctuations of energy held in each trophic level of the food chain -human disruption to the biome can have a long lasting impact
30
causes of climate change
-changes in solar activity -earths orbit -meteorite impact -volcanic activity -changes in ocean circulation -emission of greenhouse gases -deforestation
31
how can climate change affect cold environments?
-snow and ice are melting at an increasing rate -> rising sea levels -accelerated ocean warming -stronger winds and currents -accelerated shoreline erosion in arctic communities -endangering species
32
physical challenges for human occupation and development
-very low temperatures -short summers -short growing season -snow lying for long periods -low precipitation levels -thin, stony, poorly developed soils -permafrost -surface thaw in summer causes waterlogging -blizzards
33
adaptions made by indigenous people
-traditional economic activities of hunting, fishing, herding and fur trading -live in low population densities -only take the resources they require -cultural norms that promote the protection of the environment
34
human challenges for human occupation and development
-shortage of labour and skills -increasing unpredictability of climatic events -remoteness and inaccessibility -lack of permanent jobs -limited educational opportunities -absence of modern conveniences -feeling of economic and politic neglect -impacts from outside on natural resources
35
traditional adaptions
-small family size (low birth rate) -nomadic -driftwood and deal skin huts in summer -travel by umiaks in summer -travel by dog sled in winter -snow holes and igloos in winter -settled communities build log and sod houses -use all parts of a carcas -safely eat raw meat -hunt, gather and preserve food throughout summer
36
contemporary adaptions
-new building methods protect the permafrost and prevent building subsidence -houses are elevated on piles driven into the permafrost -large buildings are built on aggregate pads -buildings are insulated to reduce heat transfer -utilidors have been built
37
oil and gas exploration in cold environments
-large amounts of exploration within arctic circle -greenpeace demonstrate against them -could have major environmental consequences if not managed -BP and shell are the main TNCs
38
Trans-Alaska pipeline
-boomtowns grew (Fairbanks) -boosted the Alaskan economy -increased tourist numbers -increase in crime -overstretched infrastructure -Fairbanks mcdonald’s became no2 for sales -construction workers moved in -house prices rose -films were filmed in the area -tax rates reduced
39
prudhoe bay
-oilfield in north Alaska -largest oilfield known USA (86,418 ha) -held 25 billion oil barrels (around 2 billion remain) -major oil spill in 2006 -oil spill was undetected for 5 days -BP was fined $20 million -happened in winter months -limited impact on tundra -oil was vacuumed up and remaining oil was scraped from surface
40
Trans-Alaska pipeline system
-in 2015 output reduced to 500,000 barrels per day -pipeline will be operational until 2075 -Alaskan law states that the pipeline must be removed and the landscape returned to it’s natural state
41
Arctic National wildlife refuge ANWR Kaptovik, Alaska
-indigenous people - no alcohol -many are in favour of oil development as it provides money and jobs -big communal freezer for whale meat-> supplied by oil company
42
Arctic National wildlife refuge ANWR Guitchen people
-depend on caribou hunting -worried that caribou migration patterns will change if oil development takes place
43
Arctic National wildlife refuge ANWR Alberta, Canada
-oil tar sands -forest removed, sand heated using fossil fuels to extract tar (oil) -water pollution from ‘tailing ponds’

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