Glands part 2

Question 1

Three kinds of adipose tissue:

Answer 1

white adipocyte
beige adipocyte
brown adipocyte

Question 2

White adipocyte is a

Answer 2

major endocrine receptor

Question 3

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by

Answer 3

white adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat stores.

Question 4

Leptin actions

Answer 4

Inhibits food intake
Increases energy expenditure
Regulates body fat.
Controls glycaemia (glucose in the
blood).

Question 5

what is leptin?

Answer 5

A protein hormone made by white adipocytes

Question 6

leptin maintains a

Answer 6

normal body weight on a long-term basis.

Question 7

what does leptin regulate?

Answer 7

Regulates glucose and lipid metabolism centrally and peripherally.

Question 8

what does leptin bind to?

Answer 8

Leptin binds to its specific receptor (LEP-Rb) in the brain

Question 9

Leptin binds to its specific receptor (LEP-Rb) in the brain.

what next?

Answer 9

LEP-Rb activation and subsequent tyrosin phosphorylation recruits and activates multiple signal transduction pathways

Question 10

what are the different signal transduction pathways?

Answer 10

STAT transcription factors
SHP2 and ERK signalling
The IRS-protein/PI3Kinase pathway
SH2B1 pathway

Question 11

The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on

Answer 11

chromosome 7 in humans.

Question 12

Human leptin is a…

Answer 12

16-kDa protein of 167 amino acids.

Question 13

what is an adipose tissue?

Answer 13

An endocrine tissue that produces leptin

Question 14

adipose tissue regulates

Answer 14

appetite

Question 15

Leptin is encoded by

Answer 15

the ob gene and mutations of this gene lead to obesity.

Question 16

Leptin resistance can occur both

Answer 16

centrally and peripherally

Question 17

Glands of the exocrine system release

Answer 17

fluids into the lumen or outside of the body, typically through a duct.

Question 18

The pancreas has both

Answer 18

endocrine and exocrine functions.

Question 19

endocrine and exocirine functions od the pancreas?

Answer 19

Endocrine: Insulin and glucagon (hormones) into the bloodstream.
Exocrine: digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

Question 20

Exocrine glands examples?

Answer 20

Mucous glands
Sweat glands
Oil (sebaceous glands)
Salivary glands
Liver (bile secretion)
Pancreas
(+ many others!)

Question 21

unicellular glands secrete directly by

Answer 21

exocytosis

Question 22

multicellular glandds secrete via an…

Answer 22

epithelium walled duct that transports the secretion to the epithelial surface.

Question 23

in endocrine glands, Hormones are

Answer 23

secreted into the blood

Question 24

in exocrine glands, cheicals are secreted trhough a

Answer 24

duct

Question 25

examples of unicellular exocrine glands

Answer 25

Only two important examples (mucous and goblet cells), both of which produce mucin

Question 26

what is mucin

Answer 26

a complex glycoprotein that once secreted dissolves in water to form mucus (slimy protective coating of the digestive tract).

Question 27

Epithelial lining of organs such as

Answer 27

the intestinal and respiratory tracts.

Question 28

In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of

Answer 28

mucin distends the top of the cell, making it “goblet shaped”.

Question 29

13

Question 30

what do holocrine glands accumulate?

Answer 30

accumulate their products within themselves until they rupture. They are replaced by division of underlying cells.

Question 31

Sebaceous glands of the skin are

Answer 31

the only true representatives of holocrine glands in humans. - these are highly active during adolescence.

Question 32

A sebaceous gland that accumulates its products but fails to rupture = ?

Answer 32

= inflammation and infection aka a spot or ‘yellow head’