Glandular, nervous, & lymphatic systems, Embryology Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is involved with the glandular tissue?
A
Lacrimal
Salivary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus glands
2
Q
Structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal body function
A
Gland
3
Q
Gland that has a duct associated with it (exit sign)
A
Exocrine gland
4
Q
A passageway that allows the secretion to be emptied directly into the location where the secretion is to be used
A
Duct
5
Q
What gland is ductless and secretes hormones?
A
Endocrine gland
6
Q
Paired, almond-shaped, exocrine glands that secrete lacrimal fluid (tears)
A
Lacrimal glands
7
Q
Associated with dry eyes and mouth
A
Sjogren’s syndrome
8
Q
Lubricates conjunctiva lining the inside of the eyelids and front of eyeball
A
Lacrimal glands
9
Q
What are salivary glands controlled by?
A
Autonomic nervous system
10
Q
What are salivary glands divided into?
A
Major
Minor
11
Q
What are the major salivary glands?
A
o Parotid
o Submandibular
o Sublingual
12
Q
o Largest major salivary gland
o Serous secretion (watery)
o 25% volume
A
Parotid salivary gland
13
Q
What duct is associated with the parotid salivary gland?
A
Stensen’s duct
14
Q
o Second largest major salivary gland
o Serous & mucous secretions
Slippery saliva
o 60-65% volume (#1 in saliva production)
A
Submandibular salivary gland
15
Q
What is #1 in salivary production?
A
Submandibular salivary gland
16
Q
What duct is associated with the submandibular salivary gland?
A
Wharton’s duct
17
Q
What is the #1 side effect of the submandibular salivary gland?
A
Dry mouth
18
Q
o Smallest, most diffuse, major salivary gland
o Mucous secretion
o 10% volume (least production)
A
Sublingual salivary gland
19
Q
What duct is associated with the sublingual salivary gland?
A
Bartholin’s duct
20
Q
o Smaller than the larger major salivary glands but are more numerous in number
o They are not individually encapsulated but surrounded by connective tissue within the submucosa
o <10% volume
o Exocrine glands
A
Minor salivary glands
21
Q
Salivary stone
A
Sialolith
22
Q
- Masses in salivary glands
- Painful
- May be removed surgically
A
Sialolith
23
Q
Blood filled – purple/blue look
A
Ranula
24
Q
Saliva filled – pink/clear
A
Mucocele
25
Dry mouth
Xerostomia
26
* Autoimmune disease
* Body dries out
Sjogren syndrome
27
Hard palate is whitened by hyperkeratinization
Nicotinic stomatitis
28
o Largest endocrine gland
o Secrete hormones
-Thyroxine
Thyroid gland
29
* Enlarged thyroid gland
* May be firm and tender
Goiter
30
* Underactive thyroid
* Weight gain
* Fatigue
Hypothyroidism
31
* Overactive thyroid
* Nervousness
* Insomnia
* Heart palpitations
Hyperthyroidism
32
o Consist of four small endocrine glands, two each side
o Because the glands are ductless, they produce and secrete hormones directly into the vascular system
o Not palpated or seen, too deep
Parathyroid glands
33
o Endocrine gland
o Makes & trains T-cells
Thymus gland
34
What are T-cells?
When do they form?
When do you have them by?
-Fighter cells
- Before birth
- The end of puberty
35
How many pairs of cranial nerves?
12
36
How many single cranial nerves?
24
37
All cranial nerves connect to the brain at the base and pass through the skull by ______
Foramina and fissures
38
Afferent
Sensory
39
Efferent
Motor
40
What are the types of nerves?
Afferent
Efferent
Mixed
41
Taking information from periphery and sending it to brain
* Smell
* Heat
Afferent nerves
42
Take information from brain to periphery to make a movement
Feel heat, then moves hand
Efferent nerves
43
Have sensory and/or motor function
Mixed nerves
44
What nerve is I?
Olfactory
45
Olfactory nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Sensory
-Smell to brain
-Through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
46
What is nerve II?
Optic
47
Optic nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Sensory
-Sight to brain
-Through optic canal of sphenoid bone
48
What is nerve III?
Oculomotor
49
Oculomotor nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Motor
-Moves eyeball
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
50
What is nerve IV?
Trochlear
51
Trochlear nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Motor
-Moves eyeball
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
52
What is nerve V?
Trigeminal
-Opthalmic
-Maxillary
-Mandibular
53
Trigeminal nerves - OMM
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Sensory
-Provides sensory information
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
54
What is the largest branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Mandibular branch
55
What is nerve VI?
Abducens
56
Abducens nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Motor
-Moves eyeballs
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
57
What is nerve VII?
Facial
58
Facial nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Mixed
-Facial expressions
-Through stylomastoid foramen of temporal bone
59
What is nerve VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
-Auditory
60
Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) Nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Sensory
-Hearing and balance
-Through external acoustic meatus
61
What is nerve IX?
Glossopharyngeal
62
Glossopharyngeal nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Mixed
-Taste, sensations from tongue
-Jugular formen
63
What is nerve X?
Vagus
64
Vagus nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Mixed
-Vomit
-Jugular formen
65
What is nerve XI?
Accessory
66
Accessory nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Motor
-Controls neck
-Jugular foramen
67
What is nerve XII?
Hypoglossal
68
Hypoglossal nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?
-Motor
-Shape and movement of tongue
-Hypoglossal foramen
69
What nerves are synergistic?
Number and name
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
VI - Abducens
70
What five nerves do we inject in the maxillary nerve?
-Anterior superior alveolar N.
-Middle superior alveolar N.
-Posterior superior alveolar N.
-Greater palatine N.
-Nasopalatine N.
71
What four nerves do we inject in the mandibular nerve?
-Buccal N.
-Inferior alveolar N.
-Mental N.
-Incisive N.
72
Joins infraorbital nerve through infraorbital foramen
Sense & pain of maxillary central, maxillary lateral, canine, periodontium, pulp, gingiva
ASA nerve block
73
What teeth would an ASA on the right side block?
6, 7, and 8
74
What teeth would an ASA on the left side block?
9, 10, and 11
75
Exits through Infraorbital foramen
Sense & pain to maxillary premolar and mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars facially
Does NOT numb entire maxillary first molar
MSA nerve block
76
What teeth would an MSA on the right side block?
MB root of 3, and 4+5
77
What teeth would an MSA on the left side block?
MB of 14, 13+12
78
Exits through Infraorbital foramen
Distobuccal root of maxillary 1st molar, 2nd molar, 3rd molar, tissue facially, and maxillary sinuses
PSA nerve block
79
Exits though Greater palatine foramen (on palatine bones)
Posterior hard palate, posterior lingual gingiva
GP nerve block
80
Exits through incisive foramen (8,9)
Anterior hard palate, lingual gingiva of maxillary anterior teeth, and nasal septal tissue
Innervates tissue on right and left, canines and everything forward
NP nerve block
81
Skin of check, buccal mucous membranes, and buccal gingiva of mandibular posterior teeth
Buccal nerve block
82
What teeth are affected from a left inferior alveolar nerve block?
17-24
83
What teeth are affected from a right inferior alveolar nerve block?
25-32
84
Mental foramen
Chin, lower lip, labial mucosa near mandibular anterior teeth and pm
Mental incisive nerve block
85
Merges with mental n. through mental foramen
Anterior mandibular teeth
Incisive nerve block
86
What muscles are moved by the temporal branch?
* Orbicularis oculi
* Corrugator supercilium
87
What muscles are moved by the buccal branches?
* Upper lip and nose
* Buccinator
* Risorius
* Orbicularis oris
88
What muscles are moved by the mandibular branch?
* Lower lip
* Mentalis muscle
89
What muscle is moved by the cervical branch?
Platysma muscle
90
Base of the large circumvallate lingual papillae on the posterior part of the tongue’s dorsal surface
Von Ebner salivary gland
91
What indicates a neoplastic growth?
Loss of mobility of the thyroid gland
92
Aids immune system in fighting disease
Lymphatic system
93
What is the lymphatic system a network of?
Lymph vessels
Nodes
Ducts
Tonsils
94
What does the lymph system communicate with?
Blood vessels
95
Where are lymphs at in teeth with an abcess?
Pulp
96
o More numerous than blood vessels
o Larger and thicker than capillaries
Lymph vessels
97
o System of channels
o Parallel venous blood vessels
o One-way flow valves
Lymph vessels
98
Liquid tissue
Lymph
99
What are lymphocytes?
Cells in lymphs
100
Tissue/liquid draining and passing through lymph node
Lymphs
101
o Bean shaped (1-2cm long)
o Filter toxic products from lymph
Lymph nodes
102
What are lymph nodes like in a healthy patient?
Small
Soft
Mobile
103
What is the drainage pattern of afferent lymph vessels?
Allows flow into nodes
104
What is the drainage pattern of efferent lymph vessels?
Flow out of vessels through hilus
105
Depressed area in middle of lymph node
Hilus
106
o Masses of lymphoid tissue
o Seated between anterior & posterior tonsillar pillars
o Oral cavity
o Pharynx
Tonsillar tissue
107
What are tonsil stones composed of?
Mucous
Snot
Bacteria
108
What causes bad breath?
Tonsil stones
109
How long does a patient with strep throat have to be on antibiotics to be treated?
24 hours
110
What are the five superficial lymph nodes of the head?
Occipital
Retroarticular
Anterior auricular
Superficial parotid
Facial
111
1-3
Bilateral
Brain occipital region
Occipital lymph nodes
112
1-3
Posterior to ear
Retroarticular lymph nodes
113
1-3
Anterior to each ear
Anterior auricular lymph nodes
114
1-10
Superficial to each parotid gland
Superficial parotid
115
1-12
Positioned along length of facial vein
Facial lymph nodes
116
Fever for several days, vesicular skin lesions, swollen occipital lymph nodes
Primary varicella infection
(Chicken pox)
117
What deep nodes can and cannot be palpated?
Can: Superior & inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
Cannot: deep lymph nodes
118
What are the four superficial cervical lymph nodes?
-Submental/Sublingual
-Submandibular
-External jugular
-Anterior jugular
119
Where are the locations of the submandibular superficial cervical lymph nodes?
-Cheeks
-Upper lip
-Body of tongue
-Anterior portion of hard palate
-Teeth except mand. incisors & max. 3rd molars
120
From conception to when baby is born
Embryology
121
What months are the first trimester?
Months 1-3
122
What months are the second trimester?
Months 4-6
123
What months are the third trimester?
Months 7-9
124
What week is a zygote?
Week 1
125
What weeks are the embryonic stage?
Weeks 2-8
126
When is the fetal stage?
Weeks 9-birth
127
When does facial development begin?
Second month of pregnancy
128
What are the primary germ layers? Describe them
Ectoderm - superficial
Mesoderm - Middle
Endoderm - Deepest
129
What is the stomodeum? When does it form?
Future mouth
Second month
130
Large prominence above the stomodeum
Frontonasal prominence
131
What does the frontonasal prominence form?
Forehead
Middle of nose
Part of the dental arch
132
Below the stomodeum
-First arch
-End of third week
Mandibular prominence
133
What does the mandibular prominence form?
Mandible
Components of the lower jaw
134
o Both sides of the stomodeum
o Pinch off from the mandibular arch
-Arch 1
Maxillary prominence
135
What does the maxillary prominence form?
Maxillary bones
Sides of the nose
Portion of the upper lip not formed by the frontonasal process
136
-Second arch
-Below mandibular arch
Hyoid prominence
137
When are the first noticeable changes in an embryo seen?
Second month
138
What are the future nostrils?
Nasal placodes
139
o Break through opening the oral/nasal cavity
o Located inferiorly to nasal placodes
Nasal pits
140
What is mesial to the nasal pits?
Nasomedial prominence
141
What does the nasomedial prominence form?
Middle of nose
Philtrum
Portion of dental arch (4 upper incisors)
Primary palate
Alae
142
Move from sides of head to the front by the end of development
Eyes
143
o Begins between the mandibular arch and the hyoid bone
o Begin low and forward before moving into position back and lateral
Ears
144
Large mouth
Macrostomia
145
Small mouth
Microstomia
146
Drains tears from eye to nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal duct
147
Where the Maxillary process joins the nasolateral prominence
Nasolacrimal groove
148
When does a cleft lip or palate form?
Weeks 5-6
149
What process's didn't fuse together to form a left cleft lip?
Left maxillary process
Nasiomedial process
150
When is it safest to treat pregnant women?
2nd trimester
151
What autoimmune disease is associated with xerostomia?
Sjogren's syndrome
