thyroid gland
parafollicular cells
what slide is this?
thyroid
thyroid slide
cuboidal follicular cell
What is this? What kind of gland is it (how do you know)?
Sweat gland
simple tubular coiled gland
A simple gland has an unbranched duct (or no duct at all). There is only a single secretory unit
What is this? What cells are found here?
Sweat gland
cells:
- dark cells - near lumen in the center
- pale cells - periphery, clear
- myoepithlial cells - lines periphery, with triangular shaped nuclei
What are these cells (how do you know)? Where are they found?
Myoepithlial cells
1) in sweat gland
line the periphery and have triangular shaped nucleus
2) also found in intralobular ducts
What is top portion of this picture (how do you know)
Sweat gland DUCT
know: b/c has stratified cuboidal epithelium, meanders through dermis to terminate on skin surface
What are the bottom arrows? What type of gland is this?
Sebaceous gland
round or pear shaped, clear or lavender
SIMPLE BRANCHED ACINAR GLAND
What is this? What type of muscle?
Erector pili in scalp slide, between hair follicles
smooth muscle
What muscle can be found between hair follicles?
Erecti pili - smooth muscle
What are thse cells in a sebaceous gland?
stem cells - basophillic
What are these cells? What does this signifify?
Pyknotic cells in sebaceous gland
- pyknotic means condensed nucleus*
- these cells are dying and will soon lyse. Ultimately, cells lyse and their lipid-filled cytoplasm becomes sebum*
What is this? what does its presence indicate? what type of gland is it?
Islet of langerhans
indicates you are in the pancreas
endocrine gland
what is this? What is secreted here?
Islet of langerhans
a cell -> glucagon
b cell -> insulin
∂ cell -> somatostatin
F or PP cell -> pancreas polypeptide
what is the gland around the “island” in the middle? what type of gland is this?
exocrine pancreas around the islet of langerhans
acini cells are stained bright red
compound acinar gland
what cell is this in the pancreas? (how do you know)
where does its product go?
serous acini cell
brightly red
product enters into intercalated duct
what is this in the pancreas (how do you know)? what does it secrete?
Interlobular ducts:
Low columnar epithelium
Also secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid.
Located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules.
what is this in the pancreas? waht does it secrete?
intercalated duct
looks collapsed on itself
produces bicarbonate, stimulated by secretin
what cell is this in the pancreas? what stimulates it?
what does this cell lack?
intercalated ducts
stim. by secretin
lacks secretory granules
what is red? blue (in the pancreas)
red – centroacinar cell – pale staining
blue – serous acinus cell
what is this in the panceas
centroacinar cells
pale staining little round ducts
What is this? what type of gland is it?
Submandibular glanda
predominance of the serous acini
compound tubuloacinar gland. By definition, as in all compound glands, the conducting portion is branched
What is this? What type of acni does it have
Submandibualr gland
mostly serous acni (so look for redish color), but also has mucoous acni and mixed acni
Mixed acinus
both mucous and serous cells that secrete into a common lumen.
what is this? what is it lined by?
Intralobular duct
intralobular duct of submandibular has striations at the basal surface of their cells.
lined by simple columnar epithelium
2 Notable features of Intralobular ducts (in the submandibular)
Intralobular ducts
- when you close condense, appears striated due to the parallel arrays of the mitochondria within the infolds of the plasma membrane at the basal surface of the cells.
- myoepithlial cells
what is this tissue? (how do you know)
tongue
papillae on one surface (absent on ventral)
skeletal muscle in middle
have von ebners glands
what is this(how do you know)? what tissue is it found?
circumvallate papillae in the tongue
- has taste buds (pale ovals)
type of epithelium on the tongue?
stratified squamous surface epithelium
what is this?
taste pore
taste bud that is open to the surface
what is this? where is it found?
filiform papillae on the tongue
conical structures with a core of lamina propria covered by a keratinized epithelium
*lacks taste buds
- what papilla is this?
- what is the muscle in the tounge?
- circumvallate papilla
- skeletal muscle
* (on this side is fungiform papilla)*
what is this? (how do you know)
Von Ebner’s glands
glands that open into the base of the crypt surrounding the circumvallate papilla.
what is this (how do you know)?
foliate paillae in rabbit tongue slide
has flat tops with deep clefts between them
taste buds aligned in the clefts (on the sides)
* describe the changes observed when you move down the esophagus
- cardiac glands are present throughout, but become more prominent the closer to the stomach you get.
- skeletal muscle in upper third
mixexed in middle third
smooth m. in lower third
what is this in the esophagus what is found here?
mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
the lamina propria
and the muscularis mucosae.
what is the blue arrow in the esophagus?
muscularis mucosae in the esophagus
what is the brakcet? what is here?
submucosa of the esophagus
dense irregular connective tissue containing numerous blood vessels and lymphatics
what is in the bracket in this esophagus slide? what does it mean?
muscularis externa
in this section, its made of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle —> meaning from lower third of esophagus!
4?
adventitia
what is 2?
submocsa of the esophagus
what is 1?
mucosa of the esophagus
3? (in the esophagus)
adventitia
what are the 4 tunics of the digestive tract?
Mucosa (inner)
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia (outer)
what is 1? 2? how do you know
- stomach esophageal transition slide*
1) esophagus - darker stratified squamous epithelium
2) stomach - lighter simple columnar
narrow and dark stratified squamous epithelium (of the esophagus) switches to a lighter staining stomach epithelium ( simple columnar epithelium)
what is 4?
tunica serosa of the stomach
what is this? how do you know?
esophageal glands proper
know its esophageus due to the stratified squamous epithelium
located in the submucosa (outside of the muscularis mucosae)
what is the bottom arrow? how do you know
esophageal cardiac gland
- found in the mucosa (so know its cardiac gland) 2. and it is below the stratified squamous epihtelium
bottom arrows?
cardiac glands of the stomach
in the mucosa, and are below the gastric pits
what is this?
gastric pit in stomach
what is 7? what muscles does it have?
muscularis externa of the stomach
A. An innner oblique layer B. a middle circular 3. an external longitudinal layer.
the threee layers make the muscualris externa of the stomach seem relatively large
what is this (its between the two outer layers of either the esophagus and stomach)
auerbachs plexus
its the myenteric plexus
its between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers
what is this? what produces it?
mamilated area in the stomach
produced by the thickness of the mucosa into a scalloped or cobblestone
bottom arrow
muscalris externa
what is this?
mucous neck cells
small, columnar eosinophilic cells in the neck region of the fundic gland
what cell is this? where is it located in the fundic gland?
cheif cells
what cells are rich in the neck of the fundus gland?
which cells are rich in the base?
neck – parietal and mucous neck cells
base – chief cells
what is this? what is it divided into?
fundic gland
divided into neck
and base
what is between the lines? what is here?
submucosa
has large blood vessels but no glands
What are these cells (how do you know)? what do they secrete?
chief cells
located at base of fundic glands, angular and very basophillic
secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
what is this? what does it secrete?
parietal cell
what is 3b? what is found here?
submucosa of the duodenum. brunners glands are found here.
describe the mucosa of the duodenum
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
where is this mucosa found? how do you know?
pyloric mucosa.
“has long pits and short glands”
describe the features (2) of the transition of the duodenum to the pyloric spchinter
- appearence of brunners glands in the duodenum (in the submucosa)
- pylorus muscularis externa is considerably larger in the pylorus
what is this? what does its presence indicate?
brunners gland
means youre in the duodenum
what is this? what is its function?
brunners gland, only found in the duodenum
secretes an alkaline mucous that helps protect against stomach acid and provide an optimum pH for pancreatic enzyme action.
what is C? what is found here?
crypts of lieberkahn in the small intesitne (duodenum)
contains enteroendocrine glands which secrete hormones and vasoactive peptides
what is outlined in blue?
crypts of lieberkahn
invaginations in the epithelium of the small intestine
what is this? where is it found?
Plicae circularis
found in the small intestine, most developed in the jejunum
what is this? what is it made of?
pilicae ciruclaris
permanent transverse circular folds of mucosa and submucosa
what is the arrow pointing to
brunners gland in the submucosa of the plicae ciruclares (remember to look here)
what is this (how do you know)? what does it secrete?
Paneth cell - bright red, found at base of the crypts *
secretes a lysoznyme that has anitbaterial activity (therefore controls flora of the gut)
2? 4?
- crypts of lieberkahn
- paneth cell
paneth cell
secretes lryzonymes with antibacterial activity
what is this slide of? + identify.
duodenum
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - tunica muscularis propria
4 - tunica serosa
5 - villi
6 - glands (crypts) in the lamina
propria of the mucosa
7 - glands in the tunica submucosa (Brunner’s glands)
top arrows? bottom arrows?
what is secreted by each?
top – goblet cells – produce acid glycoproteins of the mucin type that lubricate and protect the small intestine
bottom – enteorcytes -> secrete Disaccharidases and peptidases are secreted by the absorptive cells
what is secreted by this? where is it found (be specific)?
- *Goblet Cells**
1. produce acid glycoproteins of the mucin type that lubricate and protect the small intestine.
- Less abundant in the duodenum and increase in number as one
approaches the ileum.
what is the top arrow pointing to? what is absorbed here?
lacteal
lipids are absorbed in the central lacteals
what is 5? where is this slide (how do you know)
5 is a villi, its club like so you know youre in the ileum
what is 1?
mucosa in the ileum
what is this slide of(how do you know)?
ileum
has lympoid tissue in the submucosa (no more brunners glands obv)
more goblet cells
fewer paneth cells
villi are shorter
what is this (what does it mean)
lymph nodule in the submucosa of the ileum, there are more lymph nodules in the ileum than duodenum. clumps of they are peyer’s patches
what is 4? what is found here?
submucosa of the ileum, have peyers patches/lymphoid tissue (no more glands!)
7?
longitudinal smooth muscle
what is 1?
crypts of liberkahn
what tissue is this?
duodenum
know because you have brunners gland
what are the folds called in this slide? are they permanent?
plica semilunares in the colon
tmeporary folds of mucosa and submucosa
know its in the colon because there is no villi*
what is this? what is the funciton of this?
taenia coli
these bands pucker the colon into haustra
what is the top arrow? what slide is this?
crypts of lieberkahn of the colon opening up into the lumen
know its colon because there is no villi
what are the arrows pointing to?
taenia coli
what is the outer layer in this slide?
taenia coli
what is this?
lymph node in the appendix
what is this slide (how do you know)
appendix
muscularis mucosae is nearly absent and is interupted by large lymph nodes
luman is angular in shape
thinner muscualris exerterna
smaller in diameter than the colon
what tissue is this? how does the layer being pointed to differ in the appendix vs. the colon?
muscalris externa in the colon
in the appendix, the muscalris mucosa is almost absent . and is interupted by large lymphoid glands.
is this ileum or appendix? how can you tell
obvious – ileum has villi!
(this face of the card shows the appendix)
what are the changes in the rectal epithelium as it gets closer to the anal canal?
1) rectal crypts become shorter and further apart near the anus.
2) rectum epithelium (simple columnar) -> anal canal (stratified squamous eqithelium
3) hair follicles and sebaceous glands in the anal canal
what is this? how do you know
recto-anal junction
epithelium changes from simple columnar with goblet cells (rectum)
to stratified squamous epithelium (anal canal)
what features can be found in the anal canal?
in addition to the stratified squamous epithleium,
hair follicles and sebaeous glands
black box
internal anal sphincter
made of smooth muscle
what is this?
liver lobule
what is in blue? what surrounds it?
portal canal
fibrous connective tissue also surrounds the elements of the portal triads in the portal canals
glissons capsule of the liver
?
bile duct
hepatic artery
portal vein
what is this? where is it found?
where does this empty into?
sublobular vein
larger than other central vein, found inbetween lobes (away from canal)
sobulobular veins join to form the hepatic vein
top yellow arrow
what does this empty into?
central vein of the liver
empties into the sublobular veins -> hepatic veins -> IVC
what si this?
hepatic vein
not inbetween lobes, and not near portal canal
has a well-developed adventitia
what is this?
perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) lie_s between the endothelial cells of the sinusoids and the adjoining hepatocytes._
what is this? waht is its function?
kupffer cell
they destroy aged erythrocytes (along with the spleen), digest hemoglobin, and destroy bacteria.
what slide is this?
what is top arrow?
bottom arrow?
liver
top – portal vein
bottom - hepatic vein
hepatic arteriole
what layers are present in the gallbladder?
mucosa, muscularis, and a serosa
what organ is here (how do you know)?
gallbladder
tubular organ
three layers: only mucosa, muscualris, and serosa
numerous folds and diveritcula, with no goblet cells
serosa is vascularized
what is the D? where is it found
diverticula, found in the gallbladder
what muscle type in the gallbladder?
smooth muscle
what slide is this? how do you know?
gallbladder
highly vascularized serosa (middle part)
has onyl 3 layers, no submucosa or musclaris mucosae
3 in the gallbladder?
lamina propria
4
muscularis
what cell is this? function?
oxyphil cell
have pink cytoplasm
unknwon function
what cell is this in the parathyroid? function?
chief cell
small numerous, lavender cytoplasm
secretes parathyoid hormone
what is this in parathyroid?
blood vessel.. don’t get it confused with oxyphil cells which are also pink ..
what is on right? what is on left?
right – anterior pituitary - more intenseily stained
left – posterior pituitary
middle arrow. what is this?
Rathke’s cysts
an outpocketing of oral ectoderm that served as the precursor of the anterior lobe during embryonic development
what is this in the anterior pituitary slide?
sinusoidal capillary
what are these celsl?
where are they found?
what do they produce?
acidophils in the anterior pituitary
produce either 1. somatotropic or growth hormone
- prolactin (mammotropic)
what are these cells? where are they found? what od they secrete
basophils in the anterior pituitary
produce either 1. glycoprotein hormones (FSH, LH, TSH)
- small polypeptide (AcTH and B-LPH)
where is this?
anterior pituitary
identify. what type of cells are these? what role do they have? where is this?
pituicytes in the posterior pituirary
they are neuroglia-like cells, and have a supportive role in the pituitary
herring body
lavender round/oval
represent dialted axons of hypothalamic neurons
herring body
lavender round/oval
represent dialted axons of hypothalamic neurons
what si this? what slide is this?
capsule in the adrenal gland
2?
what hormones are produced here?
how is it regualted?
zona glomerulosa
secretes - Mineralocorti‐ coids (primarily aldosterone)
regulated by - angiotensin 2
3?
what is produced here? what regulates this?
zona fascilulata
secretes – Glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), some DHEA
regulated by – acth
4? what is produced here? what regualtes it?
zona reticularis
produces – Cortisol and a weak androgen (DHEA)
regualted by – acth
3? (to the right)
what is produced here?
what is it regulated by?
adrenal medulla
produces – Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine
regulated by – sympathetic NS
describe differences in adrenal medulla vs. cortex
adrenal medulla has larger cells and has relatively pale cells that form clusters
cytoplasm of the cortex has a relatively high number of lipid droplets – cells here appear “spongy”
silver salt stains will react with cells containing ____.
these cells are called ____ cells.
catecholamines
cells of the medulla are called argentaffin
what is this slide? what are the arrows pointing to?
pancreas slide
islet of langerhans
