Global Flashcards
(31 cards)
John Locke
- He is ENGLISH
- believes in the Tabula Rosa- Blank slate.
- people born with blank slate, therefore good.
- people have natural G-d given right.
- governments job is to protect rights
- If they don’t, they lose rights to exist
- govern by consent of people
- popular sovereignty
Thomas Hobbes
- He is ENGLISH
- Wrote leviathan.
- believed people were naturally bad and greedy.
- people need an all powerful monarch
- people exchange freedom for law and order (known as social contract).
Jean Jacques Rousseau
- believes all men are created equal
- no nobility or titles (king or slave)
- believes people are born good but can be corrupted by society.
- believes people should give up freedom for benefit of community.
Baron de Montesquieu
- says English gov’t is best because of separation of power. (branches) now nobody can abuse power.
- gov’t needs checks and balances (he came up with it) branches prevent other branches from too much power.
- book of spirits- talks about govt system and success.
Voltaire
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of religion
- jailed and exiled for his writings
Denis Diderot
- put together the encyclopedia (art science religion government)
- purpose to propose knowledge
- French government and church banned the work
- the growing middle class bought the books, spreading the ideas.
Mary wollstonescraft
Wrote a vindication of the rights of women
Argues for women’s education
Felt women’s should enter fields traditionally controlled by men.
Frederick the Great
-Prussian
-from 1740-1786
-granted religion freedoms, lessened censorship.
-improved education
-wanted to end serfdom but couldn’t get support from nobles.
Believed he was first servant of the state.
Catherine the Great
-Russian
-Ruled Russia from1762-1796
-Well educated and exchanged letters with many philosophes.
-Expanded the borders gaining access to Black Sea.
-Set up a commission to develop reforms for Russia
(Nothing came of it)
-Thought about ending serfdom but a huge rebellion by the serfs changed her mind.
-gave nobles absolute power over serfs
Joseph II
- Austria
- ruled from 1780-1790
- introduced many freedoms
- press, worship, and even abolished serfdom
- after he died, the nobles voided much of his work
American Revolution
Ideas: 1. Government by consent of people 2. separate branches of government 3. Checks and balances 4. Natural rights of man Practices: 1. No taxation without representation. 2. Executive, Legeslative, Judicial 3. Veto, Judicial review 4. Bill of Rights
Russia’s Geography
Mountainous
Cold
Huge
Water (useless because it’s frozen)
Reforms of Peter the Great
Military
- He wanted to use more modern tools.
- 1st professional army of Russia.
- Trained with modern weapons and tactics
- Built Russia’s first navy.
Reforms of Peter the Great
Education
- Dozens of universities and schools open.
- General focus of schools was to advance militaries.
- All members of government of military must have attended or attend university.
- He didn’t want people getting government positions based on the family members.
- Members will be paid on condition they attended university
Reforms of Peter the Great
Government
- Civil service and 14 levels of rank based on service.
- He divided empire into subdivisions so it’s easier to rule over. (More easily governed)
Reforms of Peter the Great
Society
- Western style clothes and dress.
- Cut beards and robes of boyars
- Did this to modernize their appearance.
- This also applied to women (made them dress like western girls)
- Women allowed into open society
- Women were allowed to be involved in activities or jobs.
Reforms of Peter the Great
St. Petersburg
- New Capital city on the Baltic coast (“window to the west”)
- Extremely difficult task leading to deaths of many people. (Compared to Great Wall of china)
- This was formed so he can have access to a warm water port.
Reforms of Peter the Great
Church
- Appointed a chief procurator, government employee in charge of the church.
- Peter had the say in what was going to happen in the church.
Effects of Reforms
- Lead to hatred by the nobles.
- Lead to love from the new elite.
- More effective army to take warm water port.
- Need for money—–Many new taxes.
- Russia more involved in world affairs and trades.
Old regime/old order/ancient regime
This was a social structure. Was organized by: 1.King 2.1st estate 3.2nd estate 4.3rd estate
What were causes of the French Revolution?
The Third Estate.
- Bourgeoisie
- Sans culottes/city dwellers
- Peasents
Who were the Bourgeoisie?
They were many things:
- Wealthy
- Upper class (but not nobles)
- Pay taxes
- Very little government
- Highly educated
Who were the Sans Culottes?
They were many things:
- They were poor
- City workers
- Radicals
- Violent
Who were the Peasents?
They were many things:
- They were farmers
- Worked for nobles
- Taxed
- Religious
