Global Test 2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
0
Q
Leaders of the Revolution
A. Jean Paul Marat
A
- Ran a Newspaper which called for extreme revolution.
- Assassinated by a girondin.
- The Mountain hated this but later helped them. He was a sign of martyr.
1
Q
Legislative Assembly
A
The Mountain- Radicals Jacobins Republics The Plain- Swing votes First supported the Girondists. Later supported the monteguards. The Girondists- Moderates From the provinces Constitutional monarchy.
2
Q
Georges Jacques Danton
A
- Radical at First
- Became a Comprimiser
- Finally denounced the revolution because of its extremism.
- 1st leader of Committee of Public Safety.
3
Q
Maximilian Robespierre
A
-Lawyer and firm supported of the Enlightenment and the Revolution.
-Began as a more moderate Jacobin.
-Headed the Committee of Public Safety.
-Leader of the Reign of Terror.
4
Q
Why did the Radicals Gain Power?
A
Event:
- King attempts to flee Paris. (June 1791)
- War with Prussia and Austria goes badly. (Aug 1791)
- Émigrés join opposing armies.
- September Massacre 1792.
Reaction - People distrust Louis.
- People blame the Monarchy and moderates.
- Radicals gain more power.
- Radicals take control.
5
Q
The National Convention
A. Early Actions
A
- Universal Male Suffrage.
- In 1793, Louis and Marie executed at the guillotine.
- Guillotine- Device that drops blade on victims neck killing the victim instantly.
- Other European nations outraged.
6
Q
Committee of Public Safety
A
- Set up to Protect France
- Universal Draft for army.
- 1.5 million people joined army
- Revolutionary Tribunal set up to eliminate enemies of the revolution.
- Committee very anti religion (bad for clergy)
- many Social reforms
- universal Education
- cult of supreme being
- New calendar
- Metric System Adopted
7
Q
Reign of Terror
A
- Disorder throughout France
- rebellion by Draftees
- Invasions by Foreigners
- Starvation Everywhere
- Terror used to get control
- about 40,000 people executed by guillotine
- All types and classes of people executed
- Eventually Robespierre was arrested and executed.
8
Q
Directory
A
- National Convention shut down for new government. (The Directory)
- Directors were corrupt
- Expanded war in attempt to increase power
- Were not successful
- People wanted to go back to a monarchy
- The directory was eventually disbanded
9
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- Born in Corsica (1769)
- Began military school at age 9
- Extremely skilled in Artillery. (Served as lieutenant)
- Saved Paris from a Royalist Rebellion.
- Had many remarkable victories.
- Attempted to take over Egypt, but was defeated by British admiral, Horatio Nelson
10
Q
Coup D’état
A
- Napoleon took control of the government, overtaking the directory.
- Set up 3 Consuls with him as first among equals.
- In 1804, a plebiscite(vote) is held to elect Napoleon as emperor.
- People voted yes
- Took crown from pope and placed on own head.
11
Q
Napoleon Seeks Order Through Reforms
A
- National Banking System (leads to creation of jobs)
- More effective tax system
- Tried to stop corruption and inefficiency of government.
- Set up lycées (public schools) graduates given jobs based on ability.
- Signed a Concordant, (agreement) with church, giving it significance.
- Set up Napoleonic code, limiting freedom at the expense of power.
12
Q
WAR
A.Expansion
A
- Defeated all Austrian and Prussian armies
- Used direct and indirect controls to rule European empire.
18
Q
The industrial Revolution
A
- When power driven machines began becoming the means of production. (1760- 1850)
19
Q
What is a Revolution?
A
A revolution is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place In a relatively short period of times.
20
Q
The Agricultural Revolution
A. New foods and Methods
A
- Crop Rotation
- New Crops from the Columbian Exchange.
- Selective breeding of animals.
- Land owners made enclosures, (closed off spaces), to try new methods and experiments
- In England, the percentage if land enclosures increased from 45% in 1500 to 95% in 1914.
21
Q
More Efficient Production
A
- The first new machines and methods were implemented in agriculture.
- Jethro Tull made a seed drill to plant seeds more effectively.
- New methods took a lot of start up money.
- Very expensive, so mostly started by wealthy landowners with large farms.
- Long Term much more productive
- Bought up small farms
- Reclaimed unused land.
22
Q
Why in Great Britain and why now?
A
-Stable government and no war in their land
-all the factors of production:
Land
Labor
Capital
23
Q
Land
A
-Many Natural resources needed for industrialization, or the process of developing machines for production of goods.
-Water power and coal
-iron ole
-Rivers
-Harbors
(Examples of importance of land)
24
Q
Labor
A
- Colonies and control of seas.
- small farm owners whose land bought up. (Opened up labor for Peasents)
- Population Increase (leading to more labor)
25
Q
Capital (Money used for investment)
A
- Banking system made it possible to acquire money needed for new inventions
- Many business people wanted to invest in new industry.
26
Q
Changes in Textile Industry
A. Increase in production
A
- Agriculture Flouroshing
- Raw materials In greater abundances.
- Increase in number of textiles
27
Q
John Kay
A
Flying shuttle–weaving–1733
28
Q
James Hargreaves
A
Spinning Jenny–spinning–1764
29
Richard Arkwright
Waterframe--automatic--1769
30
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin-- 1793
| Production went from 1.5 million to 85 million pounds in 20 years.
31
New industries
- Fabric first made by hand in home
- Then, by machine in home
- finally, with all new machines used to produce clothing, factories were made to house all the production
32
Factory Towns
- Early factories near rivers
- James Watt made first efficient steam engine in 1774
- Robert Fulton was first to build a steamboat in 1807.
- Canal built in England to facilitate travel by steam boat.
33
Transportation
- John McAdams built better roads with drainage systems.
- New roads called turnpikes, built by private companies and people paid tolls to pass.
- The first trains were steam driven and began to transport goods in England in 1804
- First major lines ran between the port city of Liverpool and inland city of Manchester.
34
Four major effects of railroad use in Britain
-Made production cheaper because of cheap travel.
-100,000s of new jobs making rails, trains, and running them.
-agriculture got a boost because of increased markets
Increased urbanization
35
Domestic System
- Wool Products
- Many Manuel steps
- difficult to learn and operate
- quality up to the worker
- flexible schedule
- adjustments for family needs
36
Factory system
- Cotton and linen products
- everything done by machines in one place
- simple uni tasking
- same low quality
- Long and dangerous work hours
- child labor
- low wages
- boring
37
Urbanization
- Between 1800-1850 urban centers populated from 22 million to over 47 million
- London doubled to 2 million people
- led to terrible living conditions for most people.
- no running water, proper sewage.
- inadequate housing
- wealthy had larger living quarters in suburbs.
38
The middle class
- growing amount of trade, businessmen, skilled workers and inventors increase size of middle class.
- increase standard of living for middle class
- however, most were lower working class people, who saw their standard of living decrease as machines took over their jobs.
39
Long term gains
More goods available
Government reinvested in urban life
Balance sought between negatives and positives.
43
The Empire Weakens
- Lost his ships to Horatio Nelson of Britain at battle of Trafalgor.
- Couldn't Attack Britian.
- Set up Continental system.
- Continental System- Blocked British goods from coming to Europe. (Preventing Trade).
- Portugal open to Britain
- Peninsular War weakens army.
- Guerrilla warfare weakens Napoleons army.
44
Napoleon Attacks Russia
- Sent out 600,000 troops in June of 1812.
- Czar Alexander I used a scorched earth policy.
- Napoleon entered a torched Moscow
- Out of Food, Napoleon Retreats. (Backs out)
45
End of the empire
- European nations allied against France.
- Napoleon defeated at battle of the nations near Leipzig.
- Napoleon exiled to the island of Elba.
- French Monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII.
46
Hundred Days
- Napoleon escapes Elba and begins to reconquer Europe.
- Defeated by Duke of Wellington at battle of Waterloo.
- Exiled to Saint Helena
- Died six years later.
47
The Congress of Vienna
| A. Prince Klements Von Metternich
- Reactionary-Conservative
- Wanted to restore the balance of power
- Make sure France could not rise again to such power.
- Put down the revolution wherever it may appear.
