GLOBAL 9 FINAL! Flashcards
(279 cards)
First revolution in Latin America- Haiti
Started as a slave revolt against French rulers
Haiti became the First Nation in Latin American to gain independence!!!
Current Obstacles and problems in Latin American
Geographic barriers made travel, communication and unification difficult
Social and economic divisions
Result: regionalism
Maroon colonies
Villages established by runaway slaves
New Laws of the Indies
1548
Spanish king outlaws use of native labor on encomiendas which leads to the use of African slaves instead—> Atlantic slave trade
Causes of independence movements and revolutions in Latin America
Unrest in the colonies
Creoles wanted to rid colonies of Spanish officials and gain power for themselves
European ideas like free speech, democracy, human rights, majority rule, and consent of the governed became popular
The napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s a ailing to control colonies
Europe in disarray
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Self educated former slave who led Haiti to independence
Captured by French and died in prison
African slave trade
Millions of slaves brought to work on plantations
20 million went to the America’s
4 million to brazil
2,500,000 to Spanish colonies
Mexican independence
Native Americans and Mestizos united with Creoles and Mexico was able to win independence
Led by d’Iturbide
Zapotec civilization
1000 BC - 700 AD
Located in the mountain valleys of southwest Mexico- hot and dry but fertile
Hieroglyphic writing
Calendar system
Temples and large stone structures at the center- San Jose Magote
Monte Alban- thought to be the first truly Urban center in the Americas
Social pyramid of Latin America colonial times
Very rigid class system No social mobility Social status determined by birth On top are peninsulares Then Creoles Then mestizos Then native Americans Then African slaves
Creoles
American born descendants of Spanish settlers
Same rights as peninsulares, treated like they were below them which lead to resentment
Three groups of people who emerged as the power elites in most Latin American nations
- Military
- Catholic Church
- Land Owners
Peninsulares
Officials born in Spain and sent to rule colonies
Included viceroys and church officials
First European exploration and imperialism in Latin America
Imperialists from Spain and Portugal Powerful landlords Conquistadors- Columbus, etc Native Americans Mestizos
Haciendas
Large self-sufficient plantations
Replaced encomienda system
Basically colonial feudalism
Incan civ
1200 - 1500s AD
Developed around the same time as the Aztecs
Empire located in fertile valleys of the Andes in western South America
Advanced farming- irrigation, terrace farming, fertilizer, aqueducts
Polytheistic religion
Govt: emperor had all power
Roads connected entire empire
NO written language
Brazil independence
Granted independence by King of Portugal
King of Portugal left his son Pedro to declare independence and Pedro later became the ruler of Brazil
Brazil became of limited monarchy
Mestizos
People of mixed European and Native American ancestry
Regionalism
The division of societies into multiple small groups with their own unique cultures- loyal to their own areas
Encomienda system
Large plantations given to conquistadors to use for Native American labor
The Roman Catholic Church in colonial times
The church was the unifying force in all of Latin America
The church was closely connected with colonial govts
Wanted to spread Christianity and European culture
Controlled education
Forced natives to convert to catholicism and helped to destroy native culture
Caudillos
Military leaders or former independence leaders who took over and ruled as dictators when groups of people fought over control
Miguel Hidealgo and Jose Morelos
Priests who sought independence for Mexico on the early 1800s
Bartholome de las Casas
Former conquistador
Turned priest
Tried to help natives
Spoke with Spanish king to end Native American labor and suggested use of Africans instead