GLOBAL 9 FINAL! Flashcards
(279 cards)
0
Q
First revolution in Latin America- Haiti
A
Started as a slave revolt against French rulers
Haiti became the First Nation in Latin American to gain independence!!!
1
Q
Current Obstacles and problems in Latin American
A
Geographic barriers made travel, communication and unification difficult
Social and economic divisions
Result: regionalism
2
Q
Maroon colonies
A
Villages established by runaway slaves
3
Q
New Laws of the Indies
A
1548
Spanish king outlaws use of native labor on encomiendas which leads to the use of African slaves instead—> Atlantic slave trade
4
Q
Causes of independence movements and revolutions in Latin America
A
Unrest in the colonies
Creoles wanted to rid colonies of Spanish officials and gain power for themselves
European ideas like free speech, democracy, human rights, majority rule, and consent of the governed became popular
The napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s a ailing to control colonies
Europe in disarray
5
Q
Toussaint L’Ouverture
A
Self educated former slave who led Haiti to independence
Captured by French and died in prison
6
Q
African slave trade
A
Millions of slaves brought to work on plantations
20 million went to the America’s
4 million to brazil
2,500,000 to Spanish colonies
7
Q
Mexican independence
A
Native Americans and Mestizos united with Creoles and Mexico was able to win independence
Led by d’Iturbide
8
Q
Zapotec civilization
A
1000 BC - 700 AD
Located in the mountain valleys of southwest Mexico- hot and dry but fertile
Hieroglyphic writing
Calendar system
Temples and large stone structures at the center- San Jose Magote
Monte Alban- thought to be the first truly Urban center in the Americas
9
Q
Social pyramid of Latin America colonial times
A
Very rigid class system No social mobility Social status determined by birth On top are peninsulares Then Creoles Then mestizos Then native Americans Then African slaves
10
Q
Creoles
A
American born descendants of Spanish settlers
Same rights as peninsulares, treated like they were below them which lead to resentment
11
Q
Three groups of people who emerged as the power elites in most Latin American nations
A
- Military
- Catholic Church
- Land Owners
12
Q
Peninsulares
A
Officials born in Spain and sent to rule colonies
Included viceroys and church officials
13
Q
First European exploration and imperialism in Latin America
A
Imperialists from Spain and Portugal Powerful landlords Conquistadors- Columbus, etc Native Americans Mestizos
14
Q
Haciendas
A
Large self-sufficient plantations
Replaced encomienda system
Basically colonial feudalism
15
Q
Incan civ
A
1200 - 1500s AD
Developed around the same time as the Aztecs
Empire located in fertile valleys of the Andes in western South America
Advanced farming- irrigation, terrace farming, fertilizer, aqueducts
Polytheistic religion
Govt: emperor had all power
Roads connected entire empire
NO written language
16
Q
Brazil independence
A
Granted independence by King of Portugal
King of Portugal left his son Pedro to declare independence and Pedro later became the ruler of Brazil
Brazil became of limited monarchy
17
Q
Mestizos
A
People of mixed European and Native American ancestry
18
Q
Regionalism
A
The division of societies into multiple small groups with their own unique cultures- loyal to their own areas
19
Q
Encomienda system
A
Large plantations given to conquistadors to use for Native American labor
20
Q
The Roman Catholic Church in colonial times
A
The church was the unifying force in all of Latin America
The church was closely connected with colonial govts
Wanted to spread Christianity and European culture
Controlled education
Forced natives to convert to catholicism and helped to destroy native culture
21
Q
Caudillos
A
Military leaders or former independence leaders who took over and ruled as dictators when groups of people fought over control
22
Q
Miguel Hidealgo and Jose Morelos
A
Priests who sought independence for Mexico on the early 1800s
23
Q
Bartholome de las Casas
A
Former conquistador
Turned priest
Tried to help natives
Spoke with Spanish king to end Native American labor and suggested use of Africans instead
24
Mayan civ
300 - 900 AD
Located in the forests of Central America around the Yi Catan peninsula
Cleared forests and grew corn on raised beds- had surplus crops for big cities
Used ocean canoes to trade gold and cotton
Hieroglyphics as written language
Accurate calendar
Math- concept of 0
Government- each city ruled by its own king
Religion- believed gods controlled nature (storms and droughts) and performed rituals to please the gods
25
**Simon Bolivar**
AKA "The Liberator"
A creole- had a vision of a democratic, united Latin American but that didn't last
The Latin American George Washington
Created the republic of Gran Colombia-
Modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador
26
Aztec civ
1200 - 1500ish AD
Developed long after the fall of the Mayas
An empire located on the central plateau around tenochtitlan (today- Mexico City)
Crops grown on large reed rafts called Chinapas
Written language: N'ahuatl
Accurate calendar
Sculptures
Govt: one ruler- emperor
Imperialistic- took over many city states
Human sacrifice to please the Aztec gods
Woman had more rights
27
**Jose de San Martin
Led independence movements in Argentina and Chile
28
Chavin civ
900 - 200 BC
Located in the northern Peruvian highlands
Known for plazas and pyramids and earthen mounds
Religious ideas, art styles, stone carvings and textiles all spread to other cultures and Civs
The mother culture for later Andean Civs
29
Big brother or big stick policy
US became the international police force of the Western Hemisphere to create stability in the region
30
The Monroe doctrine
US prez James Monroe warned Europeans to stay out of the affairs of Latin America and to not attempt to re-colonize
Worked fairly well
31
Portuguese and Dutch in Japan
Portuguese were first Europeans to arrive in Japan- brought Catholicism and firearms
They were ousted by the Dutch
Europeans had to remain in the port at Nagasaki
32
Japanese traditions
1. Confucian practice of filial piety and loyalty to the ruler
2. Traditional family- patriarchal, arranged marriages
33
Mutsuhito
15 year old emperor who helped overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and took power and led the Meiji Restoration
34
Sino-Japanese War
1 year war
China entered Korea despite their agreement not to, Japan invaded and defeated the Chinese
Japan gained its first colonies- Taiwan, pescadore islands and increased influence in Japan
35
Seppukku aka Harikiri
Ritual suicide- a way for samurai to atone for a dishonor he had committed or to show absolute loyalty
36
The treaty of Kanagawa
Signed by Japanese
Opened 2 ports to US ships at Nagasaki and Yokohama
The US was also allowed to open an embassy in Japan
37
The end of the Tokugawa Shogunate
In 1867 the last Tokugawa shogun was forced to step down due to an overthrow by the lower samurai and business people with support from 15 year old emperor Mutsuhito
Ended a shogunate that lasted over 250 years and the feudal system
This was known as the Meiji Restoration
38
Bushido
"Way of the warrior"
| Code of behavior for samurai
39
World War II In Asia
Japanese forces invaded Manchuria in 1931 and created the colony of Manchukuo
Then in 1937, Japan invaded central China
Pres FDR cut off oil and other resource shipment to Japan because they invaded French Indo-China
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 1941 and the next day the US declared war on Japan
40
Shinto
Literally means "The Way of the Gods"
Only religion that is native to Japan
Focus= respect for the beauty and power of nature
Purpose of Shinto rituals is to keep away evil spirits by purification, prayers and offerings to the kami
Shinto has had a great impact on Japanese culture- especially the traditional arts
41
Oba Nobunaga
Seized capital at Kyoto
Came close to unifying the country
First to use firearms in battle
Betrayed his own general and committed seppuku
42
Island hopping
Strategy of US against Japan in which strategic pacific islands are invaded to bomb the mainland
43
New constitution of Japan
Written by General Douglas MacArthur- commander of US forces in Japan
Included articles that guaranteed public education, female equality and voting rights, land re-distribution and article 9
44
Kami
The spirits of dead ancestors that are believed to reside in natural objects
45
Russo-Japanese War
Another 1 year war
Japan wanted to rid Korea of Russian influence/interference
Japan offered to respect Russia's claim of Manchuria if they stayed out of Korea but Russia refused
Russia lost and Japan gained territory in Manchuria and Korea
46
Feudal class structure in Japan
The head of feudal society was the shogun- war-lord the most powerful samurai
Below the shogun were the daimyo- great samurai
Then comes local samurai- warriors
Then non-nobles (commoners like artisans and peasants)
Lower is the merchants
Lowest is the burakumin or outcasts
47
More on WWII
Russia entered the war in 1945 and advanced on Japan
Pres Truman told Japan to surrender or else
In the August of 1945 the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
48
The Meiji Restoration
Period if rapid modernization and westernization in Japan
Feudal system ended- lands given to emperor to re-distribute
Delegates were sent to Europe and America to study government, industry, military, and educational systems
New govt and army modeled after Germany, adopted Britain's navy system and US public education system
Roads, railroads, ports and factories also built
Because of this, Japan gained respect as a world power and avoided being imperialized
49
Torii
Gates that mark the approach and entrance to a Shinto shrine. They come in many colors and materials- usually orange and black, stone or wood
This is to show humans that they are entering sacred grounds
50
Japan's current economy
One of the top 5 economies in the world- high tech and high quality goods and lots of exporting
Highly educated and motivated workforce
51
MITI
Government agency that identifies new technologies and encourages Japanese industry to develop them with govt money
52
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
General who took over and unified Japan
Tried to invade Korea but was unsuccessful
Died 1598
His son Hideyori took over but was overthrown by the Tokugawa clan
53
Tokugawa Shogunate
Ruled Japan for 267 years
A dynasty of Shoguns- all from the same clan
A time of peace and prosperity and total isolation except for Dutch Black Ship at Nagasaki once a year
Kept peace with Alternate Attendance Policy- samurai had to spend every other year in Edo
Peace benefitted the merchants but forced Samurai into debt because of no warfare
54
Japan during the Great Depression
The military and big industry (Zaibatsu) got together and expanded the military with the support of the Emperor Hirohito
This led to fascist-military government and also WWII
55
Zen Buddhism
Means: meditation
Teaches that enlightenment is achieved through profound realization that one is already an enlightened being
This awakening can happening gradually or in a flash of insight- it is the result of ones efforts
56
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Overthrew Hideyori to take power for the Tokugawa clan
Fully unified Japan and became shogun
Built new capital at Edo (Tokyo)
Isolated Japan and created Tokugawa Shogunate
57
Treaty of Portsmouth
Negotiated by Theodore Roosevelt
Japan gained respect from Europe
Japan gained control over Korea
This was the first defeat of a European power by any Asian nation
58
Omikuji
Slips of paper with fortunes
| Worshippers choose them at shrines and they predict fortunes
59
Shimenawa
Woven straw ropes with zig-zag white paper
| They mark boundary between public space and sacred space
60
Article 9
Part of new constitution that said Japan cannot keep a standing offensive military- defensive forces only
61
Americans Arrival in Japan
Pres Millard Fillmore asked Japan for coaling rights, better treatment of shipwrecked sailors and requested to open trade between US and Japan
Matthew Perry was sent to Japan with this request but returned without an answer
He later returned in 1854 and the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa
62
Komainu
Pairs of guardian dogs or lions found at shrine entrances
| They are spiritual protectors of shrine space
63
Zaibatsu
Old Japanese samurai families that controlled large corporations that made military equipment
64
Ema
Wood plaques that worshippers write hopes, desires, and wishes on
They are hung on trees around the shrine to be read by kami and granted
65
Trade imbalance in Japan
Japan exports more than they import
66
Gohei
White rice paper zig zags- look like lightning bolts
| They repel bad and evil spirits and purify objects and spaces
67
Japanese feudalism
Similar to European feudalism
System where land is exchanged for loyalty and military service
There was an emperor but he held little power- A figurehead
68
Juche
Self-reliance and isolationism
69
Harsh Japanese rule
During the period of time when Korea was a part of Japan, the Koreans were not treated well
Protests were illegal, Korean newspapers were outlawed, Korean schools were run by Japan and all teachers were Japanese, Korean owned businesses were outlawed, Korean land was given to Japanese farmers, and Koreans had to adopt Japanese surnames
Japan modernized korea's infrastructure but it was for Japanese profit
70
Cities in Korean Peninsula with a population over 3 million
Seoul and Pusan- both in S. Korea
71
Russo-Japanese War
Japan defeats Russia in 1904 ending Russia's claim of Korea
72
Kim Jong Un
```
AKA: Lil' Kim
Son of Kim Jong IL
New and current leader of N. Korea
Continuing the communist dynasty
Young and inexperienced
Educated in Switzerland
```
73
Kim Dae Jung
Former ROK pres who tried to engage N. Korea in what he called the "sunshine policy"
Currently in jail
74
Chosun Dynasty
AKA: "Yi" Dynasty
Ruled for over 500 years
Known for woodblock printing- used for Buddhist texts and poetry- celadon and the war with Japan
Also had first paper money and use of gunpowder
75
End of the Korean War
In 1953, both sides agreed to a cease fire
Both sides pulled back 1000 yards from the parallel and created the DMZ
no formal peace treaty was signed
5 million dead and millions of refugees and orphans
76
The Korean War
In 1950, North Korea surprised attacked South Korea across the 38th parallel
North Korean forces captured Seoul and pushed further into S. Korea
The UN authorized the use of force and 15 nations sent troops to help South Korea
General Douglas MacArthur led the UN Allied forces to defend S. Korea
North Korean forces soon surrounded ROK & UN forces at the Pusan Perimeter- 10 miles from Pusan the city in S. Korea
MacArthur launched the Inchon Invasion- cut off much of the northern army
UN+US+ROK forces pushed NK forces to near the Yalu river/ china border
77
Average population density for both koreas
260 per square mile
78
Korea after WWII
With the help of Kim IL Sung and the USSR, North Korean fighters forced the Japanese to surrender
USSR and US forces were withdrawn from north and South Korea but the country remained divided on the 38th parallel
79
Kim Jong IL
Son of Kim IL Sung
Became dictator after death of his father
Ruined economy of N. Korea and caused massive starvation by spending more on weapons than on food
CRAZY- wanted to end food shortages with giant bunnies
Developed atomic weapons
80
DMZ
Demilitarized Zone
"No-mans land"
1000 yards on either side of 38th parallel
81
King Sejong
Scholar emperor and Korean hero
Created Han'gul
Chosun Dynasty
82
Why is Korean known as a "culture bridge"?
Because it is an area where the Chinese culture passed through and was adopted
*Cultural Diffusion*
83
South Korea after the Korean War
Was ruled by a series of anti-communist military dictators and the Republic of Korea was rebuilt focusing on food production, education and heavy industry
Became a democracy and has accelerated economic growth
Recent leaders are beginning to try to ease tension with North Korea
84
Celadon
Prized Korean pottery with a rare milky green glaze
85
What does the future hold for Korea? Will N and S Korea unite?
The 2 Koreas will most likely not unite because N. Korea is too backward and poor and the S. Korea economy cannot absorb 33 million poor, semi-literate, backward North Koreans who live under a communist dictatorship
The Kim family will not give up power and china feels threatened by a strong united Korea on its borders
86
Things Korea learned from Chinese
1. Centralized government
2. Confucianism and the exam system
3. Buddhism
4. Written language
87
Han'gul
```
Truly original Korean written language
Made by Koreans for Koreans
Simple scientific alphabet
Replaced the complex Chinese written language in Korea
Raised literacy rates
Koreans very proud of this
```
88
China enters the Korean War
Chinas government and Mao Zedong felt threatened and sent in Chinese troops to aid North Korean forces
UN+US+ROK forced to retreat to below 38th parallel
And fighting went back and forth along the parallel for the rest of the war
89
Kim IL Sung
Communist Dictator of North Korea after the Korean War
Developed farming and heavy industry with the help of china and Russia
Created a "cult of personality"- isolated country completely
90
Japanese influence on modern Korea
After the Russo-Japanese war, Japan attacked Korea and made it a protectorate, then later, after the Korean king resigned, Japan officially annexed Korea and made it part of Japan
91
Sepoy mutiny
BEI showed disregard for native customs
New rifles greased with pork and beef fat was offensive to Hindu and Muslim sepoys
Sepoys revolted
92
Nehru
Friend and follower of Gandhi
A leader of the INC
Worked with Gandhi to end British rule in India
Became 1st prime minister of independent India
93
Asoka****
Chandraguptas grandson
Ruled during Mauryan golden age
Rough harsh wars of expansion against Kalinga
Turned to Buddhism and renounced violence
Encouraged religious toleration
94
The decline of the Mughal empire
Leaders after Akbar removed akbar's policy of religious toleration
Revolts
Europeans support Rajputs against Mughal emperors and imperialism began!
95
Shah Jihan
Akbar's grandson and second son of jahaguir and nur Jihan
| Killed political rivals to secure the throne
96
Gupta achievements
The Gupta empire was generally a time of peace and prosperity
Achievement in the arts, religion, math, science, and poetry
Science: zero concept, decimals, correct size and shape of the earth
Advanced astronomy- proved earth was round, observed eclipses, accurate calendars
Modern "Arabic" numerals were created
97
Taj Mahal
A monument in Agra
Both a tomb and mosque of pink marble
Blended Hindu and Muslim influences- cultural diffusion
98
Patel
Wealthy British educated lawyer
A leader of the INC
became vice prime minister of independent India
99
Quit India campaign
Gandhi and members of the INC refused to cooperate with the British and refused to help defend Britain in WWII.
100
Buddhists believe in karma and ahimsa
Karma- doing good deeds and religious practice of prayer, fasting and meditation
Ahimsa- non violence
101
Godse
Gandhi's assassin
102
Founder of Jainism
Vardhamana Mahavira
103
The Mughal empire
Empire from 1526 to 1800s A.D.
104
Akbar
Grandson of Babur
Ruled during Mughal golden age
Promoted religious tolerance/freedom of worship
Married a Hindu, a Christian and a Muslim
Removed religious discrimination that ends with his death
105
*****The four noble truths****
1. Human suffering is universal, everyone suffers, life is full of suffering and sorrow.
2. The cause of suffering is desire- all forms of desire, but especially the temporary desires of the material world.
3. The way to end suffering is to crush desire.
4. The way to crush desire, end suffering and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold path, the middle way between desire and self-denial
106
Indian national congress (INC) and Muslim league
INC formed 1885, Muslim league in 1906
The 2 united later on to push for home-rule for India
Later fought together for Indian independence
Split in the 1930s over the religion and politics and the creation of a separate independent Pakistan
107
Mohatma Gandhi
Indian nationalist
British educated Indian lawyer
Worked to end discrimination in South Africa and India
Developed satyagraha
108
Babur
Invades India again and destroys the sultanate
Founds Mughal empire
A military genius
109
Positive impacts of British rule in India
Improved infrastructure (roads, bridges)
Improved health care and sanitation
Increased educational opportunities for members of higher castes
Introduced western govt structures
Brought order and peace- decreased religious violence
Increased technology
Helped to create a new Indian middle class
110
Results of sepoy mutiny
British ended BEI company and took direct control of India
| First demands for Indian independence- nationalism
111
Sepoys
Native American soldiers who fought for the British East Indian company
112
Buddhism
Began from the spiritual journey of one man during a time of change in the Hindu religion when people were rejecting powers of the Brahmin caste and the caste system
113
Gupta empire
Empire in the Indo-Gangetic plains from 320 to 535 A.D.
| No relation to the Mauryan Empire
114
Dhana
A form of dharma: giving food, clothes, $$ to monks
115
After Asoka
The empire declines
Invasions from Greeks, Persians and Kushans
500 years of turmoil followed but new ideas languages and customs were introduced
116
Negative impacts of British colonial rule in India
Decline of traditional culture
Decline of local industry
Introduced plantation agriculture which contributed to famine because farmers were forced to grow cash crops instead of food crops
117
Robert Clive
An official with the BEI
Collaborated with local Indian rulers and was able to expel interest from European countries
Successfully led troops and native forces against French at the battle of plassey
Forced France out of southern India
118
Founder of Sikhism
Guru Nanak
119
The Delhi sultinate
Loose empire of Turkish warlords
| Poor treatment of Hindus
120
The Eightfold Path
A guide for daily life
If followed properly, it will lead to nirvana, an end of desire and an end of pain and suffering
It involves the practice of right idea, speech, livelihood, mindfulness, resolve, conduct, effort, and concentration
121
Nirvana
The goal of all Buddhists
| An end to suffering and release from reincarnation
122
Salt march
Gandhi's most famous campaign
Protest against the British tax on the sale and manufacture of salt
Gandhi and followers marched to the sea and made their own salt from the Indian Ocean
123
Basic beliefs of Jainism
All living things have atman(soul) including rocks, fire, water, plants, animals and humans
Reject caste system because they believe all souls are equal
Ahimsa- non violence/respect for all life- thus they are strict vegetarians and fast often
They also wear masks and sweep the ground to avoid killing insects
Follow ascetism- NO material possessions
Must be chaste, must not lie, steal or having any material possessions(including clothes!)
Believe in reincarnation, but believe they have a limited number of lives to reach moksha so are actively working toward release
124
Stupas
Shrines that contain relics of the Buddha and other famous Buddhist teachers
125
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Wealthy Muslim Indian lawyer
Member of the Muslim league
Created an independent Pakistan and became 1st pres
126
Sikhism
Religion founded in the Punjab region of the Northern. India
| Borrows from Hinduism and Islam
127
Founder of Buddhism
Siddartha Gautama aka the Buddha or the enlightened one
128
Chandragupta Maurya
```
Founded Maurya empire
Established large bureaucracy
Massive army
Established capital at Pataliputra- a beautiful city surrounded by a huge wall
Brought peace and prosperity
Farmers exempt from military service
```
129
Aurangzeb
One of Shah Jinan's sons
Arrested his father and killed older brother to secure the throne
Expanded, but weakened the empire
Heavy taxes to pay for wars and luxuries
2 million people died of famine during his rule
Muslim, enforced Islamic law
Taxed Hindus and banned them from govt service
Outlawed Hindu temple construction and destroyed Hindu monuments
Angry Hindu Rajputs revolted against him
Sikhs also revolted and created own state in Punjab
130
Maurya empire
Empire in the northern Deccan plateau from 321 to 180 B.C.
131
Chandra Gupta I and II
CGI: Began Gupta empire
Hindu
CGII: Ruled during the Gupta's golden age
Expanded empire through war and diplomacy
Engaged in trade between the Mediterranean and India
Declined after his death
132
Beliefs of Sikhism
Avoid alcohol, tobacco, drugs
Devotion to prayer and meditation
Service to others is the greatest good
Sikhs reject the caste system
133
Jainism
A religion that split from Hinduism during the turbulent years of the 6th century bc
Similar to Buddhism
134
Story of siddartha Gautama
His father isolated him from the outside world
He married and had a son in the palace
At the age of 29 he went outside 4 times and saw and old man, a sick man, a dead man and a holy man. This caused him to question his life and seek the cause of human suffering
He left his home and wandered through India for 6 years and tried different ways to reach enlightenment
After 49 days of meditation, he had a vision allowing him to understand the cause of suffering at which point he became known as the Buddha
135
Nur Jahan
Jahangir's wife who took over the empire
Skilled ruler and politician- excelled in hunting and fashion
Rejected akbar's policies of religious tolerance and made Islam the official religion
136
Holy book of Sikhism
Granth
137
Aryabhata
Gupta mathematician
| Calculated pi and the length of solar year
138
Changes under Akbar
Tax on non-Muslims and tax on Hindu pilgrims both abolished
Bureaucracy(gov't jobs) based on merit-- meritocracy- promoted for knowledge and skill
Introduced a graduated income tax
Installed Rajputs- local Hindu leaders as governors and army officers
139
Homespun movement
Strategy of Gandhi to hurt British economy
| Indians refusal to buy manufactured goods like cloth and made their own clothing
140
Asoka's accomplishments
Edicts- official govt announcements of policy
Had laws carved on rock and pillars and put throughout kingdom
Encouraged spread of Buddhism
Built roads and inns, dug wells
Built stupas (shrines)
Sent Buddhist missionaries to china, Tibet, and Siam which led to cultural diffusion
141
Amritsar massacre
General Reginald dyer- ordered troops to fire upon a gathering of unarmed civilians meeting in protest of new British law
After this, Indians united in a call for independence
142
Holy site of Sikhism
Golden temple at Amritsar
143
British East India Company (BEI)
Set up trading ports in Bombay and Calcutta
Given a monopoly on much of the trade with India
Exported agricultural foods to the rest of the British empire and imported goods for Indian people to buy
Had the power to pass laws, collect taxes and own land-- acted as their own government
Outlawed Indian ownership of factories that competed with Britain
Controlled lots of Indian territory and made armies of sepoys
144
Satyagraha or "truth force"
A policy of fighting against British imperialism in India using civil disobedience, strike, the media, protests and boycotts
145
Organization of African unity
1963- meeting of all newly independent African countries and pledged to help other colonies gain independence
146
Kenya: Mau-Mau revolt
Violent attacks on kikuyu farmers and families to force them off the land and out of Kenya
British responded to these attacks by putting suspected Mau Mau people in internment camps
147
Belgian Congo/ Zaire
Heavily exploited for its mineral resources- rubber, copper and gems under king Leopold
System of forced labor under Leopold killed millions and left the country poor and unprepared for independence
Gained independence in 1960
148
Causes of the end of imperialism in Africa
WWII
Rise of educated middle class- who understood democracy, freedom, human rights
Colonies became too expansive for Europeans to rule
Africans fought to save european freedom and now deserved their own
Gandhi and india gained independence and inspired Africans to do the same
149
Ghana
First sub-saharan African colony to gain independence in 1957- from Britain
150
Jomo Kenyatta
Kenyan / kikuyu nationalist
Became first pres of Kenya
Initiated reforms, united ethnic and language groups' developed business and assured whites they would be allowed to stay in Kenya
151
Daniel Arab moi
Kenya's president after Kenyatta
Essentially a dictator
Allowed some democracy in the 1980s
152
Rwanda
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the Hutu (majority) and the Tutsi (minority)
The Belgians liked the Tutsis better than the Hutus and created ethnic and class tensions causing violence
```
153
Egypt and their independence
Egyptians suffered during WWII
After the war, Egyptians protested through strikes, riots and boycotts
1922 gained independence from britain but britain continued to influence their govt and economy
*this motivated other colonies to step up their pressure on the European powers
154
Pan-Africanism/Pan-African Movement
Began in the 1920s
The beginning of African unity an nationalism
"Africa for the Africans"
An end to colonial rule throughout Africa
155
African national congress (ANC)
In response to apartheid, black south Africans formed this political organization
However, the white govt banned membership and the group had no success on changing the laws until decades later
156
Zimbabwe
The white minority in Southern Rhodesia declared independence in 1965
Black African guerilla groups fought until a cease fire in 1980- brought multi racial elections and true independence
157
Nelson Mandela
Leader of the ANC youth league- began as a non violent protestor but after the Sharpeville massacre
Arrested and found guilty of treason- jailed for life
Spent 26 years in prison
158
Kwame N'krumah
Poet/writer who becomes prime minister of Ghana
Socialist
Hurt economy because he spent too much time on other things
159
Coup D'Etat
A sudden often violent overthrow of the exsisting govt- usually by the military
160
Patrice Lumumba
First prime minister of Congo
Nationalist and socialist
Overthrown by Mobuto Sese Seko
Later assassinated by T'Shombe
161
Pan-Africanist congress
Met to obtain the freedom of African colonies
162
Problems building new nations (Africa)
Resources were plundered
Colonies werent prepared to rule themselves and had no experience ruling their own country
The artificial borders created at the Berlin conference led to tribalism, ethnic rivalries and conflicts
163
F.W deKlerk
1990: White president f.w. deKlerk of south Africa who lifted ban on ANC, ended Apartheid and freed Mandela from jail
1994: all south Africana given the right to vote
Nelson Mandela elected first black majority prez of south Africa
164
1st pan-African Congress
1919 in Paris
| Organized by W.E.B. DuBois- an American scholar and activist
165
Angola
One of the last countries in Africa to gain independence in 1994
Victim of the cold war- Manu battles fought here
After years of fighting, Portugal just left!
Oil discovered-showing promise
166
Sharpeville massacre
1960- white police opened fire on unarmed protestors, killing 69- they banned the ANC
167
Rwandan Genocide
In 1994, violence erupted when the Hutu prez died suspiciously
Hutu extremists blamed their presidents death on the tutsis and killed them- genocide
168
Apartheid
1948- meaning "apart"-rigid segregation laws passed- black south africans had to carry passes which restricted where they could live and work and the did not have voting rights or job opportunities
169
Segregation in south Africa
1910-1940 the white minority (Dutch Afrikaners) imposed racial segregation to ensure the white minority's control
The black majority was forced to live on crowed reserves called Bantustans or "townships"
170
Leopold Senghor
Senegalese poet who promoted African pride and rejected negative stereotypes of africans by colonial powers
Later helped Senegal gain independence and became its first prez
171
Joseph Kabila
New and current president of Congo
172
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Won Nobel peace prize for raising awareness and organizing a world wide boycott against business in south Africa
173
Mobutu Sese Seko
Zairian army officer who changed the name to Zaire
Ruled as prez from 1965 to 1997
Very corrupt and looted country of its wealth
Overthrown in 1997
174
Nigeria
Most populous country
Gained independence in 1960 from Britain
In 1966 there was a civil war- the Biafra- approx 1/2 million died
In 1999 democracy retur
175
Laurent Kabila
Member of Zaire's military who led a rebel war against Mobutu
Overthrew govt in 1997 and claimed to bring democracy
Became a dictator
Assassinated by his own bodyguards and possibly his own son
176
The Negitrude Movement
Began during the 1920s
African and African-American writers,poets and musicians began to celebrate and re-connect with their lost African culture
177
Sudan
Arab-Muslim north
Non Muslim south
West Sudan and chad- darfur
Violence increased in darfur in 2004- govt backed Arab militias called Janjaweed invaded the region and burned homes and killed people
178
Robert Mugabe
A socialist prez of Zimbabwe
As time passed he became more dictatorial
Hyper inflation is a big problem
179
Menelik II
Ethiopian emperor who successfully resisted European imperialism
180
Hirohito/Akihito
Emperor of Japan who publicly declared that he was not a god but merely a man
181
Yuan Dynasty/Mongols
the empire established by Kublai Khan
Also ruled by Genghis Khan
Nomads
Stable and peaceful
182
Benazir Bhutto
The first female prime minister of Pakistan
183
Emilio Aguinaldo
Philippine nationalist leader who fought for independence from Spain
184
Chiang Kai Shek/ Jiang Jieshi
Led the Guomintang after Sun Yixian, moved away from Yixian’s 3 principles and became a corrupt dictator
185
Sun Yat Sen/ Sun Yixian
Chinese nationalist, formed the Guomintang party, later became president of the new Chinese republic (S. China), his 3 principles included nationalism, democracy and livelihood
186
Bernardo O’Higgins
Chilean independence leader who, together with José de San Martín, freed Chile from Spanish rule
187
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese nationalist leader, communist, formed the Viet Minh- a group of Vietnamese nationalist groups who opposed French rule in Vietnam
188
Deng Xiaoping
Communist leader of China in the 1980s and 90s after Mao, leaned toward democratic ideas, allowed private ownership, encouraged foreign investment, agricultural reforms, industrial modernization and science and technology
189
Mao Zedong
Communist leader of China, Great Leap Forward (Backward), Cultural Revolution
190
Shi Huangdi
First emperor of Qin Dynasty, legalism, built Great Wall, Terra-Cotta Army
191
Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge
Cambodian communist group who started at Year Zero and wanted to eliminate all western or foreign influences- killed 2-3 million
192
Sukarno
Nationalist leader in Indonesia, became 1st president
193
Cecil Rhodes
British governor of the Cape Colony, supported imperialism, wanted to expand Britain’s African empire, wanted to build Cape to Cairo railway-to extend British control over east Africa
194
King Leopold II
King of Belgium, created the Congo Free State, caused genocide, forced people to exploit Congo of its mineral wealth and rubber and meet unfair quotas, if not met the people were tortured or killed
195
Donald Johannson
American paleo-anthropologist who discovered “Lucy”-oldest, most intact hominid skeleton
196
Louis Leakey
Anthropologist who discovered Homo habilis in Tanzania and theorized that mankind originated in Africa rather than Asia.
197
Aryans
Cattle herders from Eurasia, entered South Asia through the Khyber Pass, aggressive and warlike, combined traditions with people of the Indus River Valley, famous for social structure: ranked society based on occupation- top: Brahmins(priests) bottom: Untouchables(Harijans)
198
Harappans
Indus River Valley in present day Pakistan, 2 cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had many unique features such as uniform brick and complex plumbing and sewer systems
199
Muhammad
Founder of Islam
200
Tamils/”Tamil Tigers”
Sri Lankan Hindu nationalists who assassinated Rajiv Gandhi
201
Rajiv Gandhi
Son of Indira who became prime minister after her death, assassinated by Tamil Tigers
202
Indira Gandhi
Daughter of Nehru, becomes prime minister when her dad dies, later assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards
203
Gen. Reginald Dyer
British army officer who ordered troops to fire on people at Amritsar, responsible for massacre
204
Mansa Musa
Mali emperor who ruled during Mali’s golden age, expanded the empire with large army, controlled gold-salt trade, went on the Hajj
205
Askia Muhammad
Songhai Emperor, the “scholar emperor”, ruled during golden age, a devout Muslim, known for supported the arts and scholarship
206
Julius Nyerere
First president of Tanzania
207
Shogun
The head of Japanese feudal society, the most powerful samurai (warriors)
208
Commodore Matthew Perry
American commodore who ended Japanese isolation and opened up Japan to trade between the U.S. and Japan
209
Kenneth Kaunda
First president of Zambia
210
Jiang Zemin
President of China, selected by Deng, first CCP leader to step down voluntarily
211
Fidel Castro
Communist revolutionary who was part of both the Nicaraguan and Cuban revolutions
212
Daniel Ortega
Nicaraguan Sandinista communist president who was voted out of power
213
Imperialism
A strong nation taking over a weaker one for economic, social and/or political reasons
214
Nationalism
Pride and love for one’s nation OR the desire to become one’s own country
215
Mercantilism/Colonialism
A country that exists only to benefit the mother country
216
Ethnocentrism
judging another culture by the values and standards of one’s own culture, the belief that one’s own culture is superior to another’s culture
217
Bride Wealth
Practice in several East and South African tribes of exchanging cattle for a woman’s hand in marriage. If a man wanted to marry a woman, he would give the woman’s family cattle in exchange for taking their daughter so that the family would maintain their status
218
Dowry
Something you inherit through marriage
219
Per Capita Income
A nation’s GDP divided by its population-shows average income of nation
220
Gross National/Gross Domestic Product
Total value of all the goods and services produced within a nation per year
221
Polygamy
A man has multiple wives
222
Embargo
The partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country
223
Theocracy
Government ruled by a religious leader and/or group of religious elites (ex: pope)
224
Non-Alignment
Nehru's policy during the Cold War in which the 3rd world/developing countries refused to ally with either the USSR or USA but did accept foreign aid if “no political strings were attached”
225
Gold – Salt Trade
In west Africa, gold was abundant and salt was scarce. Salt was abundant in the central Sahara desert, so a trade developed where gold was equally traded for salt
226
Tribalism
Pride and loyalty to one’s own tribe
| Still a huge issue in Africa today
227
Archaeology
The study of people, societies and culture through the artifacts left behind
228
Anthropology
The study of the origins and development of people and their societies
229
Colombian Exchange
A hemispherical trade route of people, plants and animals which also led to the exchange of disease between the New World and Old World
230
Leaching
Draining soil of a soluble chemical or mineral
231
Cataracts
A series of rapids or waterfalls, caused by sudden changes in elevation, obstacles to river transportation
232
Escarpments
High, steep cliffs, located along southern coasts of Africa, slowed exploration and delayed development of southern Africa
233
Daoism
Philosophy founded by Lao Tse that stressed being one with nature and going with the flow of things
234
Islam
Muslim religion, founded by Muhammad, monotheistic: 5 Pillars: Hajj, declare faith, fast during Ramadan, give alms, pray 5 times a day
235
Great Zimbabwe
Massive ruins of a past cite-state capital with tall walls between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, “cut fit stone” walls- unusual in Africa
236
HIV/AIDS
Deadly disease that spread rapidly across sub-Saharan Africa, 1.4 million sub-Saharan Africans die of AIDS annually, huge problem today
237
Partition of India
India was divided into India (for Hindus) and East & West Pakistan (for Muslims)
238
Creation of Bangladesh
East Pakistan fought a civil war to separate themselves from West Pakistan and became Bangladesh
239
Boxer Rebellion
An unsuccessful rebellion in China in 1900, the objective of which was to drive out all foreigners and remove all foreign influence
240
Vietnam War
A war between communist North Vietnam and US-backed South Vietnam
241
Cuban Revolution
Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista and nationalized Cuban industry and sugar fields, the revolution resulted in a communist ruled government
242
Cuban Missile Crisis
The USSR built 42 atomic missile launch sites in Cuba, the US blockaded Cuba to prevent the USSR from delivering missiles, Soviet leader Khrushchev backed down but it almost caused WWIII
243
Kashmir Troubles
Kashmir is in northern India with Hindu gov’t but Muslim majority population, control still in dispute
244
Golden Temple Affair
Armed Sikh rebels took over the Golden Temple and Indira ordered temple to be cleared by force- blood was shed at holy site and Sikhs were pissed off
245
India/Pakistan Nuclear weapons
Both India and Pakistan had nuclear weapons, and promised to use them only if invaded—SCARY!
246
Chinese Communist Revolution
A political revolution in china led by Mao Zedong, after several years of fighting the Guomintang, the communists won control of the country in 1949
247
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement between the Spanish and the Portuguese to clear up confusion on newly claimed land in the New World
248
Opium War
War between China and Britain about the illegal smuggling of opium into China
249
Cultural Revolution
Mao’s plan to make a comeback after the Great Leap Backward and regain his lost popularity and power, purged “enemies of the state”- Capitalists, anti-communists, political enemies of Mao’s, etc., make Mao really popular among younger generation
250
Great Leap Forward
Mao’s plan to industrialize rapidly, set high industrial goals that were nearly impossible for all people to reach, led to famine, 20 million starved, became the great leap backward
251
Tiananmen Square Massacre
Soldiers opened fire on protesters in the Tiananmen Square, several thousand killed, thousands wounded, and thousands more arrested
252
Scramble for Africa
Period of the late 1800s in which European powers raced to gain control of Africa, met at Berlin Conference and drew borders and claimed colonies without consulting any Africans
253
Ghana empire
Empire located in West Africa- Senegal and Mali, large quantities of gold, large army, Berbers crossed Sahara desert and traded goods at Taghaza and Taudeni for salt then continued into West Africa and traded this salt for gold
254
Mali empire
Empire located in West Africa- Senegal, Mali, Burkina, rose after Ghana declined and new gold mines were discovered further east, ruled by Sundiata, Mansa Musa, and Ibn Battuta
255
Songhai empire
Empire located in Niger, Burkina, Nigeria and Mali, rose with the fall of Mali, ruled by Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad
256
Egyptians
Early civ on Nile River in North Africa/Egypt
257
Kush
Early African civ that replaced Egypt
258
Axum
Civilization located on Northeast coast of Africa along Red Sea
Known for trading on Red Sea, converting to Christianity, stelae (tall stone pillars used to record things), Ge'ez (written language), terrace farming, canals, dams and coined money
259
Sumerians
Early civ located in Iraq & Syria aka Mesopotamia aka “land between two rivers”- Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, first true civ
260
Elements of a civilization
Agricultural surplus, job specialization/social classes, writing/record keeping, government/military, complex religion, cities, math/science/technology, art/architecture
261
Animism
The belief that everything on earth has a spirit
262
Industrialization/Westernization
Modernization of a place including adopting Western ideas and improving industry
263
Pacifism
The belief that war and violence are unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful mean
264
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement, the removal of tariffs between Canada, US and Mexico- free trade
265
Balance of Trade/Trade Imbalance
The difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise
266
Spheres of Influence
An area in a country in which another nation is very influential
267
Diaspora
The movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established homeland
268
Isolationism
The policy of remaining separated from the affairs of other groups or countries
269
Paleolithic vs. Neolithic
Paleolithic= Old Stone Age, simple stone tools, hunter-gatherers, “cave dwellers” Neolithic= New Stone Age, polished stone tools and weapons, pottery, weaving, subsistence farming, domesticated animals, fire, permanent shelters, organized religion, inventions
270
Agricultural Revolution
Transition from hunter-gatherers to farming
271
Subsistence Agriculture
Growing enough food for your family only
272
3rd World / Developing Nations
Countries of the world that art still in the process of modernizing their economies, government, etc. ex: Africa, South Asia
273
Traditional Society
The traditional culture, beliefs, elements and ways of life of a society before they were changed by Europeans or others
274
Interdependence
A mutual reliance between countries in which they trade goods and services
275
Han Dynasty
Chinese dynasty after the Qin, founded by Liu Bang- an illiterate peasant, moved from legalism to Confucianism, ruled by Han Wudi, traded across Silk Road, developed Exam System and Confucian teachings
276
Qin Dynasty
Chinese dynasty after the Zhou Dynasty, led by Shi Huangdi, known for legalism, Great Wall, and the Terra-Cotta Army
277
Shinto
Only religion native to Japan
| Beliefs: spirits in nature- Kami, shrines, torii gates
278
Qing/ Manchu Dynasty
Last dynasty in china
Foreign dynasty- above Great Wall
Ruled by emperor Kangzi
