Flashcards in Global Determinants Of Health, Intro to Epidemiological Study Designs Deck (24)
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1
What is Population science?
Study of People and Populations
2
What are the 3 Causes and 3 Consequences
Causes:
Epidemiology: Study of disease in populations
Demography: Study of size and shape of populations
Statistics: Study of data in numerical form
Consequences:
Public Health
Health Promotion
Disease Prevention
3
Define Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
4
What are the 4 stages of the Demographic Transition Model
What are their characteristics in terms of birth/death rates and pop. Growth
1: Pre-Transition
- High birth rates, High fluctuating death rates
- Low population Growth
2: Early Transition
- Birth rate stays high, Death rate begins to fall
- Rapid Population growth
3: Late Transition
- Birth rate starts declining
- Population growth slows down
4: Post-Transition
- Low Birth, Death rates
- Negligible population growth
5
What factors affect Population Health?
Name 3 of these
Socio-Demographic factors
- Demographic Transition
- Economic Transition
- Behavioural and Lifestyle factors
6
What factors affect Burden of Disease, Disability and Ageing
Name 3 of these
Population Factors
- Age sex specific rates
- Population size
- Population shape
7
What do we use to make inferences about populations
What 3 things should this be, with respect to the population
Samples
- Unbiased
- Precise
- Representative
8
What are the 3 Global Determinants of Health
Global Warming
Socio-Demographic Factors
Population Factors
9
Define Evidence Based Medicine
Conscientious, Judicious and Explicit use of Current Best Evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
10
What 3 things influence choosing the appropriate treatment for a patient
Clinical experience on the condition
External evidence
Patient’s concerns/ values
11
Compare the processes in Deductive and Empirical approaches
Deductive:
Identify the basic processes
Deduce the best procedures
Apply to clinical situation
Empirical:
Identify the basic processes
Postulate alternative procedures
Experimentally test ideas
12
What’re 2 types of studies
Qualitative
Quantitative- Observational and Experimental
13
What are the 2 best methods of obtaining evidence
Systematic review of random trials
Then
Randomised control trials
14
Name 2 Epidemiological Study Design
Compare their sub-studies
Analytical:
- Cohort studies—> Analysis can be rate OR odds ratio
- Case control study—> Analysis can ONLY be odds ratio
Descriptive:
- Ecological study—> Unit of analysis is groups
- Cross sectional study—> Unit of analysis is individuals
15
Compare Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology
Descriptive: Sampling to infer back to population
Rarely achieve a perfect sample
Analytical: To compare “like for like” samples
Rarely achieve “like for like’ samples
16
How does an Ecological study work?
How is one conducted
- Count cases by groups
- Identify groups to study
Define characteristics to be studied (Exposure and Outcome)
Decide whether analysis involves counting categorical (Nominal/ Ordinal-Order matters-) OR measuring continuous data
Gather data on group level characteristics
17
What are 4 issues with Ecological Studies
- Defining characteristics
- Variation in measurement
- Chance (Random Error)
- Ecological Fallacy (Confounding): Falsely inferring individual-level association from group level association
18
How does a Cross-Sectional Study work?
How is one conducted?
Count cases
Who do you want to generalise to- Theoretical Population
What population can you access- Study Population
Who do you want in your study- Sampling Frame
Who is in your study- The Sample
19
What are 3 issues with Cross-Sectional studies
- Chance
- Responder/ participant bias
- Sampling bias
20
How is a Case-Control study conducted
Find cases who have the outcome
Find controls (Non-cases) who have the outcome
Compare levels of exposure between Cases and Controls
21
What are 4 issues with Case-Control studies
- Chance
- Confounding
- Selection bias
- Information bias
22
Compare the 2 types of Cohort Study
Concurrent/ Prospective- Collect data at a current point in time
Historical/ Prospective- Go back in time to collect data
23
How is a Cohort study conducted
Identify outcome-free individuals
Group individuals according to level of exposure
Compare exposure rates for each group
24
