Global Development Flashcards
(29 cards)
Development
The process where people, a place or a country change. It occurs when there are improvements to individual factors that make up the quality of life.
Food security
Availability (sufficient amounts of food being available on a consistent basis), Access (having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet) and Consumption (making appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation).
2015 - 800 million people in the world didn’t have enough food to lead a healthy, active life.
Water security
840,000 people die each year from water-related diseases.
At any one time, half of the world’s hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water-borne diseases.
Gross Domestic Product per capita
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year divided by its population.
Gross National Income per capita
GDP but including overseas income.
Human Development Index
Composite indicator (includes more than one indicator)
Life expectancy at birth + Expected or Mean years of Schooling + GNI per Capita.
Gini coefficient
Measure to show the extent of income inequality in a country.
Development gap
The difference in income and quality of life between the richest and poorest regions in the world.
UK inequality
London (wealthiest region) - GDHI 27.7% higher than average at £21,446. London is a financial and industrial centre, creating and providing a large number of jobs. Vibrant social and cultural scenes attract tourists, generating income.
Poorer Areas:
Physical Geography - Scottish highlands, Welsh mountains and South-West England moorlands. Few employment opportunities, low wages, seasonal jobs.
Deindustrialisation due to globalisation.
India - Context
Made up of 29 states and 7 union territories.
Population of 1.27 billion in 2015
Caste system - social ranks
80% Hindu, 13% Muslim and the rest are Buddhist, Sikh, Jain and Christian.
Indian population of 20 million abroad - $72 billion of remittances sent back in 2015.
Has most prominent monsoon systems.
India - Core Region
Mumbai - accounts for 7% of GDP, 25% of industrial output and 40% of overseas trade.
Centre of Bollywood.
Centre of cotton textile industry
Economic activities include chemicals, motor vehicles, electronics and metal industries.
High population density - 40% living in slums.
India - Periphery region
Bihar - population of 100 million people.
80% of the population are farmers.
Patna (the capital) has little to no investment from TNCs.
64% literacy rate.
Many people have moved to Delhi (30% of Delhi’s population is made of Biharis.
Changes to job sectors between 1980 and 2010
Primary sector - 23% decrease
Secondary sector - 2% increase
Tertiary sector - 22% increase
Quaternary sector - 6% increase
Positive impacts of changes to job sectors
The overall wealth of India has greatly increased, women are gaining employment, people are getting a higher quality of life, greater investment in education and healthcare.
Negative impacts of changes to job sectors.
Families are separated as younger generation moves to cities, strain on housing creates slum settlements, inequality in development between regions, health and environmental problems caused by industry.
Trade and aid
India’s economy opened in the 1990s and since then the volume of exports and imports has increased dramatically.
India receives less aid now and instead gives aid to other countries such as Nepal and Afghanistan.
Investment
Increase in FDI from $17 billion to $34 billion from 2005 to 2014.
Public investment in education, healthcare, transport and housing have all increased but some public companies have been privatised.
Population stucture
The number of young dependents has decreased because contraception is more accessible, fewer children are needed to work on farms and the infant mortality rate has dropped.
The number of economically active people has increased because people are living for longer due to better healthcare and the large number of young dependents previously have grown up.
The number of elderly dependents has increased due to better healthcare as people live for longer.
Changing social factors
Inequality - Wider gap between the rich and poor, women are still low status and old people aren’t benefiting.
Growing middle class - This is because of increased urbanisation and better education. India could be the largest consumer market by 2030.
Improved education - Rise in literacy rate, more investment in schools and a strong private education sector.
Geopolitical relationships
India is competing with China over water resources and both countries are building dams which could limit each other’s water supplies.
India and Pakistan have fought over Kashmir in the past.
India is part of the Commonwealth, which strengthens geopolitical relationships.
Building links with France, Germany and Canada to encourage investment in defence, energy and infrastructure.
India has signed a pact with Russia to receive missiles and build more nuclear power plants.
Technology
India has the world’s second largest wireless network but it has a large digital divide - in 2013, half of India’s 61 million broadband connections were in 5 out of 29 states.
Environmental impacts of rapid development
Positives: Potential to invest in renewable energy
Negatives: 3rd largest emitter of CO₂, 80% of energy from coal, 69% of India is prone to drought, deforestation, desertification, thirteen of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in India.
Social impacts of rapid development
Positives: Better access to healthcare, better education, jobs and income.
Negatives: Pollution in cities leads to poor health, lack of housing leads to slums, men and young people benefit most whilst women and old people are left behind.
Economic impacts of rapid development
Positives: Rise in consumerism so a strong economy, increase in tourism so more jobs, larger workforce.
Negatives: Cost of dealing with environmental and social problems, cost of installing new infrastructure.
