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Human Geography > Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is Globalisation?

A

The networking of information, products and the connections between all nations. This can also occur through a transfer of services.

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2
Q

What factors influence the rate of globalisation?

A

New Technologies
Security
Global finance systems
Trade Agreements
Transport systems

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3
Q

What is containerisation?

A

The agreement that all containers measure the same size, meaning they can easily be shipped and transported from their postage site to their destination.

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4
Q

What is global Governance?

A

The reference to the bodies that govern the global commons, areas that are not under the control of a single nation.

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5
Q

What is the concept of sovereignty?

A

It is the power to absolutely rule a country by its own people and set its own borders.

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6
Q

What does sovereignty do for a country?

A

It makes a nation an official nation state, meaning that they are classed as independent.

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7
Q

How many sovereign states are there across the globe?

A

200

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8
Q

What are examples of global governing bodies?

A

IMF
WHO
WTO
World Bank
United Nations

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9
Q

When did the need for global governance originate?

A

Following the direct expansion of globalisation, as the world began to discover new places and better technology.

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10
Q

What are the dimensions of Globalisation?

A

Flows of Information and Technology
Flows of products and Labour
Flows of Services
Patterns of production and comsumption

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11
Q

What the drivers of Globalisation?

A

New Technologies + communications
Global Finance Systems
Transport Systems
Security
Trade Agreements

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12
Q

What are the benefits to international Trade?

A

Comparative advantage
Purchasing power
Fewer domestic monopolies
Increased Employment

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13
Q

What is an economy of scale?

A

The advantages that a company can gain, due to the scale of their operations.

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of International Trade?

A

Over specialisation
Decline in local businesses
Protectionism and Tariffs
Exploitive industries.

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15
Q

What is Protectionism?

A

Protecting domestic businesses, through imposing additional tariffs on importing goods from other nations. This encourages exports from that country, and increases domestic spending.

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16
Q

Example of when protectionism has been used.

A

Donald Trump 2019, put tariffs on goods from Europe, China and Canada.

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17
Q

What is a monopoly?

A

Where a seller becomes the dominant place for a product to be purchased.

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18
Q

What are the Trends found within international trade?

A

It has increased over the past 50 years.
Cheaper products are bought, over the expensive domestic product.
Most HIC’s buy from LIC’s, due to cheaper labour costs.

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19
Q

What are the patterns of production globally?

A

HIC’s dominate steel, iron, auto and farming industries.
Middle eastern countries dominate oil production- OPEC

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20
Q

What are the global patterns with technology?

A

Exports are concentrated in emerging economies, with China making up a third.
Due to cheaper labour costs, it allows for products to be shipped in bulk.
Most technological products are consumed and bought in HIC’s.

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21
Q

What are the patterns of consumption globally?

A

HIC’s consume more manufactured goods than LIC’s.
Developing countries have a demand for fuel and minerals.

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22
Q

Why do LIC’s demand higher raw materials and fuel?

A

To aid with the steps of industrialisation.

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23
Q

Which nations import the most medical supplies?

A

Former Soviet satellite states.

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24
Q

How has the global finance system aided globalisation?

A

Connects more people together, as money can flow freely between nations and people across the globe.
Banks are now global institutions, therefore easing the ability for people to move money around the world.

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25
Q

What changes within transport have aided globalisation?

A

Faster aircraft- They have become larger, and cut down on time. This has allowed for goods to be transported on a larger scale, and quickly.
Containerisation- Containers are standardised, meaning that they can easily be transferred from ships to land.
This has also enabled a better flow of people across the globe.

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26
Q

How have security technology changed due to globalisation?

A

Strict regulations when entering a border, along with transporting goods. Using X-ray technology to ensure a nations security.
Tracking cyber attacks, to enable eventual prevention.
The United Nations Security Council was set up to prevent war and ensuring nations security.

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27
Q

How have communication technology enabled globalisation?

A

Satellites and fibre optics- allow for the internet and phones to connect people.
Phones- Lots of services can be connected through the internet and phones.
Corporations can communicate easily with global branches.

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28
Q

What are global supply chains?

A

The organised management of product flows, from where they are manufactured to where they are consumed.

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29
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Hiring companies to complete tasks that are essential, but not necessary for the company to complete by itself.

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30
Q

What is off-shoring?

A

Moving a company overseas, usually to cut costs.

31
Q

How have trade agreements aided globalisation?

A

They have made trade easier and significantly cheaper.
They reduce ‘red tape’ meaning that goods can flow faster, and at a reduced rate.

32
Q

What are two examples of powers that make trade agreements?

A

The EU
WTO

33
Q

What is interdependence?

A

The idea that nations depend on each other financially, politically, socially and environmentally.

34
Q

In what ways are we interdependent politically?

A

International decisions usually must have a unanimous decision from the nations. The UN Security Council has be unanimous.
Countries rely on other nations to intervene if there is political unrest, this was seen in Serbia during the 1990’s.

35
Q

In what ways are we interdependent financially?

A

Countries are dependent on flows of products, labour and services in order that the economy grows.
This also means that more money can be made.

36
Q

In what ways are we interdependent socially?

A

Migration has increased, meaning that we require global co-operation in order to tackle the issue.
Countries rely on each other for leisure activities, such as TV shows.

37
Q

In what ways are we environmentally interdependent?

A

All nations are affected by pollution and GHG’s, meaning all countries rely on each other to minimise these effects.

38
Q

How is the flow of people globally unequal?

A

Migration tends to occur from lower income countries, to higher income countries due to better economic opportunities.

39
Q

What are the positives of flows of people?

A

Migrants take positions in unwanted jobs.
Most migrants send money back to their home country, helping to grow that economy as well.
Migrants fleeing conflict, or poor quality of life tend to get a better experience.

40
Q

What are the negatives of flows of people?

A

Host country can become dependant upon migrants, causing issues if there are changes to their flow.
Large scale emigration can cause unemployment and economic deterioration in the home country, as they become underpopulated.
Unequal flows of people can create overpopulation, causing pressure on public services nationwide.

41
Q

What is a Trade Bloc?

A

An intergovernmental agreement, where barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated.

42
Q

How is the flow of money unequal?

A

Majority of money flows into low income countries from HIC’s. This is usually through foreign investment, aid and remittances.
However, money flowing into HIC’s are primarily through product sales and profits.

43
Q

What are the benefits of flows of money?

A

The country receiving money have an improved quality of life, and provided with an income.
Foreign aid helps to rebuild infrastructure following a disaster, or to improve existing infrastructure.
Large companies can take advantage of low labour costs.

44
Q

What are the negatives of flows of money?

A

TNC’s may profit too much, with the amount of money staying in the production country being small.
Many workers in low incomes, put themselves at risk in order to earn money for their families.
Foreign aid can reduce incentives for governments to to help their citizens.

45
Q

What makes the flow of ideas globally unequal?

A

Higher income countries dictate how countries should be run, and how trade should be carried out. Due to having more money, they have influence over poorer nations.

46
Q

What are the positives of flows of ideas?

A

HIC’s have introduced ideas of deregulation to NEE’s, therefore prices of products are lower and services are more competitive.
Free trade has increased globally, meaning that global markets have thrived.
Successful countries can help to educate developing nations in promoting economic growth.

47
Q

What are the negatives of flows of ideas?

A

Deregulation is occurring too quickly, so LIC’s can’t keep up.
Large businesses can buy previously state owned industries, meaning that profits go to HIC’s and continue to deficit in the economy.
Low income countries feel forced to join trade agreements, that benefit HIC’s more.

48
Q

In what way is the flow of technology globally unequal?

A

HIC’s invest technology in LIC’s in order to make a profit. This means that LIC’s don’t have technology companies based within them, and doesn’t flow from LIC’s to HIC’s because they don’t reside in LIC’s.

49
Q

What are the positives of flows of technology?

A

The economies of LIC’s can develop through technological investments, such as opening up factories and increasing employment.
The technological advancements made in HIC’s have led to consumers gaining better products.
Companies can maximise profits by moving overseas.

50
Q

What are the positives of flows of technology?

A

The economies of LIC’s can develop through technological investments, such as opening up factories and increasing employment.
The technological advancements made in HIC’s have led to consumers gaining better products.
Companies can maximise profits by moving overseas.

51
Q

What are the negative flows of technology?

A

People in LIC’s can’t afford to purchase the products that they are often manufacturing, meaning that they are left behind.
Employees receive small amounts compared to the profits made from the product. This creates and injustice.
Companies that are investing technology into LIC’s, means that HIC manufacturing jobs can be lost.

52
Q

What is the overall trend of interdependent flows?

A

Countries that are richer, often have more power and can influence global systems in their favour.
Lowe income countries begin to lack the technology and money to gain a better position on the world stage.
LIC’s only have the power to respond to events, rather than intervene.
Richer countries can establish global law and trade as they are better represented in global institutions.

53
Q

What are global patterns of trade volume?

A

International trade has increased in volume over the past 20 years.
The amounts of trade has also steadily increased from $8 trillion to $11 trillion.
Global investments has also increased steadily.

54
Q

What are two reasons for trade patterns changing?

A

2008 financial crisis
Covid pandemic

55
Q

What are the global patterns of general trade?

A

Trading and investments are heavily concentrated in developed nations.
HIC’s invest in LIC’s.
HIC’s are the largest exporters, with NEE’s quickly following.

56
Q

What are two reasons for new trading relationships occurring?

A

Trade Blocs- Advantages for all nations, and limitations are reduced.
Fairtrade- Ensures that producers receive better trading conditions, and are not exploited.

57
Q

What does access to markets mean?

A

A nation or companies access to trading on the international markets.

58
Q

What can make a country’s access to markets better?

A

Trade Blocs- allow for better access, as relations between nations get better allowing for more trade to occur.
Special Economic Zones- allow areas of a country to have looser trading rules, therefore increasing access to markets.
Special Differential Treatment- Set up by the WTO, allowing developing nations to benefit from lower tariffs and taxes.

59
Q

What can make a country’s access to markets worse?

A

Trade agreements- Countries within an agreement can be disallowed to trade with certain places.
- Countries left out of trade agreements have to pay tariffs, meaning they struggle to get a good price for their good.
HIC’s- They can afford to pay higher tariffs, therefore the gap to LIC’s grows larger.

60
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment- Purchasing something in the companies interest, by an investor.

61
Q

What is Horizontal Integration?

A

A company taking ownership over another company, usually in the same industry.

62
Q

What is an example of Horizontal Integration?

A

Coca Cola- They own Fanta, Sprite and Dr Pepper.

63
Q

What is Vertical Integration?

A

Taking ownership of a supply chain. Such as buying a banana plantation.

64
Q

What is an example of Vertical Integration?

A

Dole Bananas.

65
Q

What are the trading patterns of TNC’s?

A

Trade with HIC’s as demand is higher.
In LIC’s there is a lack of TNC products, as few people have disposable income.

66
Q

What is global governance?

A

The process of multiple nations acting together to manage matters that effect the globe.

67
Q

What enables TNC revenue to grow?

A

Global marketing campaigns.
Trademarking products.
Glocalised products.

68
Q

What are 3 benefits of global governance?

A

Aiming for global equality, allows for developing nations to grow economically.

Social stability is encouraged by global institutions, with the International Court, people can be sentenced following committing hate crimes.

Non Governmental Organisations (WWF & Greenpeace) are able help with environmental issues, that concern the globe.

69
Q

What are 3 negatives of global governance?

A

The IMF and World Bank only give loans conditionally, this can lead to countries being exposed to exploitation.
International laws and treaties are voluntary, meaning that often decisions are made by the few nations involved.
Despite efforts, some nations still act against policies, as they are not legally binding.

70
Q

What are the four global commons?

A

High seas and Deep Oceans
Antarctica
Outer Space
Atmosphere

71
Q

What is the UNEP?

A

United Nations Environment Program

72
Q

What helps to protect the global commons?

A

New legislation and international laws, but this only applies to UN members.

73
Q

What is a Banana Republic?

A

A state’s economy that is dominated by a single export, that’s usually dominated by foreign capital.

Human Geography (4 decks)

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