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GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Flashcards

(121 cards)

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The growing interdependence of countries worldwide.

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2
Q

Give examples of social globalisation.

A

Families connecting via Facetime, social media.

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3
Q

Give examples of economic globalisation.

A

Growth of TNCs, exchange of goods and services.

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4
Q

Give examples of cultural globalisation.

A

Sharing of foods, clothing, and lifestyles.

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5
Q

Give examples of political globalisation.

A

International agreements and cooperation.

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6
Q

Is globalisation a new process?

A

No, but its speed has recently increased.

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7
Q

List positives of globalisation.

A

World connected, jobs in LICs, cultural exchange, competition.

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8
Q

List negatives of globalisation.

A

Climate change, exploitation, culture loss, brain drain.

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9
Q

What are ‘flows’ in globalisation?

A

Movements like capital, labour, goods, services, information.

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10
Q

What is remittance?

A

Money sent home by migrants; e.g., 25% of Nepal’s GDP.

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11
Q

What is global marketing?

A

Promoting and selling products as if the world is one market.

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12
Q

What is a global brand?

A

A product sold worldwide like Coca Cola.

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13
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

Adapting global products to local needs; e.g., Maharaja Mac.

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14
Q

How does technology drive globalisation?

A

Shrinks distance, speeds communication.

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15
Q

What is the ‘shrinking world’ effect?

A

The world feels smaller due to technological advances.

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16
Q

What is deregulation in finance?

A

Relaxing financial controls to increase global investment.

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17
Q

How do container ships help globalisation?

A

Reduce transport time and cost, boosting trade.

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18
Q

How does air travel support globalisation?

A

Speeds delivery of goods and people.

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19
Q

How can security limit globalisation?

A

Tightened borders can restrict migration and trade.

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20
Q

How has communication technology helped?

A

Internet, satellites, and cables enable instant data sharing.

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21
Q

What are global supply chains?

A

Networks where countries specialise in production.

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22
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Hiring foreign firms to perform tasks; e.g., Apple to Foxconn.

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23
Q

What is offshoring?

A

Moving company operations abroad; e.g., Dyson to Malaysia.

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24
Q

Define migration.

A

Movement of people due to social, economic, political, or environmental factors.

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25
List push factors of migration.
War, poverty, lack of jobs/services.
26
List pull factors of migration.
Safety, better jobs, political stability.
27
Define internal migration.
Movement within the same country.
28
Define international migration.
Movement from one country to another.
29
What are economic migrants?
People moving for work or better life.
30
Who are refugees?
People fleeing conflict or persecution.
31
List barriers to migration.
Cost, language, distance, visas, government policies.
32
What is a diaspora?
A community of people from the same origin living abroad.
33
How do diaspora communities affect migration?
Provide networks, jobs, and community.
34
How do colonial links aid migration?
Shared culture and language ease integration.
35
What is the Schengen Agreement?
EU deal allowing free movement between member countries.
36
Define a superpower.
A country with global influence via military, economy, or culture.
37
What is hard power?
Using military and economic strength.
38
What is soft power?
Using culture and political influence.
39
Give examples of soft power.
Cultural exports, diplomacy, education.
40
Define a regional superpower.
A nation influential in its local region.
41
What is brain drain?
Loss of educated professionals to other countries.
42
How can migration help superpowers?
Fills labor gaps, boosts tax revenue.
43
What is a global hub?
A city important for global trade, finance, or politics.
44
How does migration affect global hubs?
Brings investment, technology, and culture.
45
List pros of international migration.
New skills, remittances, tech transfer.
46
List cons of international migration.
Skill shortages, job competition.
47
How can migration cause inequality?
Loss of young labor in source countries.
48
How can migration cause conflict?
Strain on services, cultural tension.
49
How can migration cause injustice?
Exploitation and human rights abuse.
50
How can migration promote stability?
Remittances, youthful populations.
51
How does migration promote economic growth?
More labor, local economy stimulated.
52
What are trade blocs?
Groups of countries that promote free trade among members.
53
Give an example of deglobalisation.
BREXIT: UK leaving the EU.
54
What is interdependence?
Countries relying on each other economically, politically, socially.
55
Benefits of interdependence?
Peace, access to tech, crisis support.
56
Risks of interdependence?
Overreliance, loss of culture, shocks.
57
What is Australia’s migration policy?
Points-based system selecting skilled workers.
58
How does Australia select migrants?
Based on age, skills, language, etc.
59
What is the UN?
Founded in 1945 to promote peace and development.
60
What is the World Bank?
Lends money and gives support to developing nations.
61
What is the WTO?
Manages global trade rules and resolves disputes.
62
Has globalisation reduced inequality?
Between countries yes, within countries no.
63
How has trade changed since 1980s?
Volume and value increased; more LIC involvement.
64
Where are most TNC HQs?
In HICs like the US and UK.
65
Where is manufacturing done?
LICs with cheap labor and fewer regulations.
66
What is vertical integration?
Company controls supply chain.
67
What is horizontal integration?
Company buys similar-sized business.
68
Give an example of vertical integration.
Shell owning extraction to retail.
69
Give an example of horizontal integration.
Facebook acquiring Instagram.
70
What is FDI?
Foreign Direct Investment into a company or country.
71
How has Nike globalised?
HQ in US, factories in Asia, global brand.
72
Benefits of TNCs in LICs?
Jobs, infrastructure, investment.
73
Negatives of TNCs in LICs?
Low wages, poor conditions.
74
How do TNCs benefit HICs?
Focus on R&D, strong profits.
75
What is a refugee?
Person fleeing danger across borders.
76
What is an asylum seeker?
Seeking refugee status, not yet granted.
77
What is an internally displaced person?
Forced to flee but remains within country.
78
Impacts of refugees on neighbours?
Strain on services, camps, long-term hosting.
79
Why do people become refugees?
Conflict, disasters, poverty, persecution.
80
What is land grabbing?
Taking land from locals by firms or governments.
81
What does UNHCR do?
Protects and finds solutions for refugees.
82
What is global ocean governance?
Managing ocean use by states and global bodies.
83
What is UNCLOS?
UN law governing the seas, EEZ rights.
84
What is a choke point?
Narrow shipping lane vulnerable to disruption.
85
Why is Somalia a piracy hotspot?
Failed state, illegal fishing, poverty.
86
What is the tragedy of the commons?
Shared resources overused and depleted.
87
Name a global commons.
Antarctica, oceans, space, atmosphere.
88
What is the Commonwealth?
54 states with UK ties, promotes cooperation.
89
What is containerisation?
Standard containers increase shipping efficiency.
90
How does shipping affect trade?
Enables 90% of global trade.
91
What is MARPOL?
Marine pollution control treaty.
92
What is human trafficking?
Exploitation through force or fraud.
93
Causes of trafficking?
Inequality, conflict, instability.
94
What is an EEZ?
Exclusive Economic Zone under UNCLOS.
95
Why mine ocean minerals?
High-tech demand, e.g., cobalt.
96
What are Spratly Islands?
Disputed, strategic sea region.
97
Challenges for landlocked countries?
Costly trade, poor access.
98
Impacts of overfishing?
Extinction, economic loss.
99
Solutions to overfishing?
Quotas, marine reserves.
100
Main ocean pollution causes?
Fertilizers, waste, plastics.
101
How to manage ocean waste globally?
UN conventions, MARPOL, EU laws.
102
What is the Arctic Council?
Regional body for Arctic cooperation.
103
Role of indigenous governance?
Sustainable local marine practices.
104
How does Canada manage oceans?
Canada’s Oceans Act, conservation laws.
105
Why is ocean pollution a threat?
Ecosystem damage, food chain disruption.
106
What is plastic waste’s impact?
Microplastics harm marine life.
107
What are marine dead zones?
Oxygen-depleted areas due to pollution.
108
How does globalisation affect crime?
Wider reach for smuggling and trafficking.
109
How does the UK’s maritime past shape today?
Built trade routes and Commonwealth ties.
110
What is the Blue Charter?
Commonwealth plan to protect oceans.
111
What is FDI in the global shift?
Investments moving from HICs to LICs.
112
Name a benefit of trade blocs.
Economies of scale.
113
What is fair trade?
Helping producers in LICs get fair prices.
114
How has China used open door policy?
Attracted FDI, boosted growth.
115
Who benefits from global trade rules?
Often HICs; LICs may face barriers.
116
How can SEZs help trade?
Encourage investment with tax breaks.
117
Why are some countries 'switched off'?
Conflict, corruption, isolation.
118
What are switched-on places?
Connected to global economy, like Singapore.
119
What are the risks of TNCs?
Environmental damage, job insecurity.
120
What drives global production?
Cheap labor, technology, trade routes.
121
How do TNCs adapt to local markets?
Through glocalisation.

GEOGRAPHY (5 decks)

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