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Global Impact of Infectious Diseases > Global impact final > Flashcards

Global impact final Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the Justinian Plague?

A

541 AD; Bubonic Plague; Byzantine Empire 395 to 1493; Emperor Justinian ruled Byzantine/ Eastern Roman Empire from 527 - 565

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2
Q

what were the consequences of the Justinian Plague?

A

tax collections fell; trade halted; weakened Mediterranean area; empire couldn’t be offensive, lost hold of the west; overtaken by Muslim armies in the East; started Dark Ages in Europe; Feudalism/Christianity grew

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3
Q

when was the Black Plague?

A

1347-1352

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4
Q

what were the consequences of the black death?

A

killed 25% of Europe; got rid of feudalism; Catholic church had less influence; began the Renaissance

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5
Q

what was the Black Plague disease?

A

caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis; mortality rate 5-20% treated, 50% untreated

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6
Q

how was black plague transmitted?

A

from rats to humans by fleas

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7
Q

what were the symptoms of the black plague?

A

buboes form; fever, chills, and weakness

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8
Q

what is septicemic plague?

A

can be first onset or from untreated bubonic; mortality rate: 5-20% treated, 80% untreated

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of septicemic plague?

A

fever, chills, muscle ache, bleeding under skin; gangrene on fingers and nose

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10
Q

what is pneumonic plague?

A

person to person transmission; mortality: close to 100% untreated

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?

A

fever, chills, head and muscle aches; cough with bloody sputum

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12
Q

what was the Chinese plague?

A

began in the Yunnan province in 1855; spread widely to all continents; considered active in cases by WHO until 1959; last significant outbreak was in 1945 in Peru and Argentina

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13
Q

what is smallpox?

A

caused by a virus; incubation period: 12-14 days; human only reservoir

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14
Q

how is smallpox transmitted?

A

respiratory or direct contact

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15
Q

what was smallpox like in the Americas before 1775?

A

killed most Aztecs and weakened them; numerous epidemics in the 250 years between Cortes and the American revolution

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16
Q

what was smallpox like in the early colonies?

A

small, localized outbreaks; common responses to smallpox: isolation, flee, variolation

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17
Q

what is variolation?

A

intentional exposure to smallpox through the skin

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18
Q

what was variolation in colonial America?

A

controversial; outlawed in some colonies; mostly for wealthy, urban individuals; not known or practiced in New Spain or among Native Americans

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19
Q

what was the Siege of Boston?

A

April 1775- March 1776; George Washington/ militiamen vs General Howe; smallpox is in Boston/ Brits trapped there; Washington very concerned about smallpox so doesn’t invade; March 1776 Howe evacuates; Washington sends only immune troops in; outbreak intensifies; July - inoculation begins; Sept: outbreak done

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20
Q

what happened in the Ethiopian Regiment?

A

Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia frees any slave who fights for him - Nov 1775; gets as large as 800 men; see limited action; Aug 1776: regiment disbanded 300 surviving blacks sail for NY and are discharged

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21
Q

what happened at the Siege of Quebec?

A

Nov 1775- May 1776; 1100 Continental troops arrive to attack; smallpox present in Quebec; Continentals attacked on Dec 31st- repelled and 400 taken prisoner; both sides waiting for reinforcements; smallpox taking its toll on continentals; Continental Army reaches 2500 in early April, but smallpox rampant, army down to 1900 in early May; May 6- British reinforcement arrive, attack and route the Continentals; as army retreated- smallpox is spread; Quarantine of Lake Champlain finally in mid- July; Continentals regroup, build 15 ships, stop British advance south for the year

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22
Q

when was the variolation of the troops?

A

winter 1777-78 Valley Forge

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23
Q

what are pathogens?

A

germs that cause infectious disease

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24
Q

what are some direct contact?

A

skin to skin; blood/body fluids; sexual contact; vertical transmission

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25
what are some indirect contact?
respiratory; rectors; fecal to oral; contaminated objects
26
how did agriculture and crowd diseases go hand in hand?
increased population; sedentary population; trade routes/travel
27
what are characteristics of crowd diseases?
spread quickly/ easily; acute; results: dire or become immune; human only reservoir
28
why did more crowd diseases develop in the Old World?
human density; trade routes; domesticated animals
29
what was SARS?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; appears mid- Nov 2002 Guangdong providence, China;
30
what is SARS as a disease?
caused by novel coronavirus; related virus found in civet cats; has a natural reservoir in bats; human to human transmission erratic
31
what is MERS?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia; respiratory transmission through close contact
32
what is Covid-19?
emerged in Wuhan China; Dec 31, 2019: learned of it; Jan 30,2020: declared a public health emergency of international concern; March 11, 2020: declared a pandemic
33
what are germs?
organisms that cause infectious disease; also called pathogens or parasites
34
what are microbes?
microscopic organisms; diverse
35
what is the Germ Theory of Disease?
infectious disease are caused by pathogens
36
if not germs, then what?
divine punishment for sins; miasma; hexes or spells; earthquakes or eclipses; spontaneous generation
37
who was Louis Pasteur?
French Chemist; discoveries in microbiology provided solutions to problems: vaccines for rabies, anthrax, pasteurization, disproved spontaneous generation
38
who was Robert Koch?
country doctor in east Prussia; verified Germ Theory of Disease
39
what are Koch's Postulates?
used to identify the cause of a disease
40
what was the Golden Age of Microbiology?
1854-1914; many pathogenic bacteria identified; early work on viruses; Germ Theory of Disease established; prevention and treatment
41
what are fungi?
multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts; involved in environmental process; many are beneficial
42
what are fungal pathogens?
no vaccines; anti-fungal drugs
43
what are parasites?
disease- causing protozoa, worms, or flukes; causes of some diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, meningitis, and STIs; no vaccines; anti-parasitic drugs
44
what are protozoa?
unicellular; Malaria, African sleeping, Giardiasis, Leishmaniasis, ameobic dysentery
45
what are bacteria?
very small; simple cell structure; prokaryotic; most are harmless; some are pathogens
46
what are bacterial diseases?
TB, plague, cholera, typhoid fever, typhus, strep throat, staph infections, whooping cough; cause some diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, meningitis and STIs; vaccines available for some; almost can be treated with antibiotics
47
what are virus?
acellular microbe; obligate intracellular parasite- infect all forms of life
48
what are viral disease?
smallpox, AIDS, dengue fever, influenza, measles, chicken pox, common cold, COVID; vaccines for many; anti-viral drugs do not exist for most viruses
49
what are infections?
microbe living in or on a host
50
what is colonization?
becomes part of microbiota
51
what is disease?
damage to the host
52
what is true pathogen?
infects anyone
53
what is opportunistic pathogen?
infects compromised host
54
what are determinants of health?
factors that influence one's health
55
what are some factors of health?
individual; individual behavior; social factors; physical environment; health services; policy making
56
what is public health?
regards the community as its patient
57
what is global health?
study, research, and practice that occurs at a transnational level
58
what is the Millennium Development goals?
global effort to speed development and improve global health
59
what are indicators of health?
data/statistics that measure the level of health; life expectancy at birth; neonatal mortality rate; infant mortality rate; child mortality rate; maternal mortality ratio
60
what are DALYs?
disability adjusted life year; a measure of lost years of health due to illness, disabilities and premature death
61
what is surveillance?
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data integrated with the timely dissemination of data to those responsible for preventing and controlling disease
62
what is passive surveillance?
routine submission of reports to state, federal health agencies
63
what is active surveillance?
country, state, or federal agents contact patients or clinic/hospitals; very labor intense- investigation level action
64
what is the International Health Regulations?
provides a legal framework to require all countries to detect and contain infectious disease outbreaks
65
what is GOARN?
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
66
what are challenges to global surveillance?
financial resources lacking; lack of healthcare infrastructure; technical resources; political
67
what are categories of water-related infectious diseases?
water-borne pathogen; inadequate water; water-based intermediate host; water- breeding insect vectors
68
what is WASH?
water, sanitation and hygiene
69
what are improved drinking water sources?
water protected from outside contamination
70
what are NTDs?
Neglected Tropical Diseases; parasitic worm and bacterial infections
71
what is schistosomiasis?
caused by fluke; bladder, intestinal, liver inflammation
72
what is the transmission of schistososmiasis?
fecal to skin transmission; snail is intermediate host
73
what is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?
releases eggs in urine/feces; contaminate water where snails live; snails become infected and release parasite; parasite burrows into skin
74
what are symptoms of schistosomiasis?
acute infection: rash, itchy skin, bloody urine/diarrhea, fever, chills, cough, muscle aches; chronic infection: children: anemia, malnutrition, learning disabilities; adults: damage liver, intensines, spleen, lungs and bladder
75
what are the control measure for schistosomiasis?
treat humans: praziquantel; education; improved sanitation; control snails
76
what are vectors?
organisms that transmit disease to humans by biting, vomit or feces; also mechanical transfer
77
what are Malaria symptoms?
2 weeks after the bite; initial case: fever, headache, chills, vomiting severe case: anemia, respiratory distress, cerebral malaria, multiple organ involvement
78
what is the transmission of Malaria?
vector is mosquito; breeds in water
79
what are the ways to control Malaria?
indoor residual spraying; insecticide- treated bed nets; reduce breeding grounds; treat the patient
80
what is quarantine?
applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease but who may or may not become ill
81
what is isolation?
applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
82
what are vaccination?
a safe form of an infectious agent which when given to a person, includes of protective immune response
83
what are biological challenges of vaccines?
heat stable; effective after a single dose; applicable to a number of diseases; administered by a mucosal route; suitable for children
84
what are anti-microbial drugs?
chemicals that kill or inhibit growth of microbes
85
what is penicilin?
first modern natural antibiotic; 1928, Alexander Fleming
86
what are the impacts of antibiotics?
general use began in 1950s; reduced death due to TB, pneumonia, septicemia; improved surgical outcome
87
what is the Golden Age of Antibiotics?
from 1944 and 1972 life expectancy jumped by eight years- largely credited to the introduction of antibiotics
88
what is Guinea worm?
NTD; caused by a parasite; water flea carries parasite; transmitted by drinking contaminated water
89
what happened in 19th Century England?
1780-1880 industrialization led to steady economic growth and development; increases in GDP; life expectancy same or worse
90
what was the Big Stink in 1858?
changed the thinking of Parliament and a sewer system was approved
91
what is capital?
something of value you "possess"
92
how does health drive economic growth?
productivity; education; investment in physical capital; demographic transition
93
what is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
provide loans to countries facing downturns
94
what is the World Bank?
development of poor countries
95
what is government?
body within any organization that has the authority to make, and the power enforce laws, regulations, or rules
96
what are politics?
the process by which groups of people make decisions
97
what is policy?
a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s)
98
what makes a good government?
accountability; stability; rule of law; existence of an independent civil society; respect for human rights
99
what did Adam Smith said government has only three functions?
provide protection; dispense justice; build necessary public works
100
how does the government protect health: direct?
Medicare; Medicaid; safety organizations; water/sewer systems; public health system; government run hospitals; customs/quarantine stations
101
how does the government protect health: indirect?
preventing poverty- safety net program; social security; supporting research; unemployment insurance; transportation systems; military, FEMA; education; park services; uncensored internet access
102
what is smallpox: first vaccine?
Edward Jenner 1790s; increased vaccination rates through 1800s; epidemics rare, small in US by 1900; proof of vaccination was obvious
103
what was the smallpox eradication?
300-500 million deaths in 20th century; ring vaccination aided eradication; no natural cases since 1980
104
what is ring vaccination?
vaccinate people exposed to someone who was affected
105
what was the historic opposition to vaccination?
Jacobson vs Massachusetts; anti-vaccination league of America; Christian scientists; physical culture; chiropractors; anti-vivisectionists; eugenicists
106
what is diphtheria?
respiratory infection caused by a bacterium- 5-10% fatality rate; vaccines came out in the 1920s and 1930s
107
what is polio?
feared disease; peak of epidemic 1952; National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
108
what is the Salk Vaccine?
polio vaccine with inactivated strain
109
what is the Sabin vaccine?
polio vaccine with activated strain
110
what was the polio eradication?
still remains in Pakistan and Afghanistan
111
what was the Vaccination Assistance Act of 1962?
Federal support for state purchases of vaccines; CDC adopted the role of federal overseer of vaccine issues
112
what are the vaccine exemptions?
medical, religious, personal belief
113
what was Swine Flu in 1976?
massive vaccine production campaign was founded; 1 in 100,000 of those vaccinated contracted Guillain- Barre syndrome
114
what is DPT vaccine?
diphtheria; pertussis; tetanus
115
what is pertussis?
most dangerous to infants; bacterial upper respiratory infection
116
what is Dissatisfied Parents Together (DPT)?
formed after the Pertussis vaccine
117
what was the 1986 Vaccine Injury Compensation Bill?
government took over insurance of vaccines
118
what was the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986?
written in collaboration with DPT group and American Association of Pediatricians
119
what did the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act create?
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System; National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program; Vaccine court; Institute of Medicine to review safety of all vaccines
120
what was the Comprehensive Childhood Immunization Act of 1993?
provided vaccines for all kids on Medicaid or lacking health care
121
what is the actual risks of vaccines?
live vaccine- disease; allergies; side effects; contraindicated for a medical issue
122
what are factors affecting vaccination rates?
cost; distribution; focus of effort; political commitment; religious conviction; risk; misinformation and rumors
123
what was MMR and Andrew Wakefield?
published a paper in the Lancet stating how one of his test described the children who got the MMR vaccine to have autism
124
what is thimerosal?
a mercury- containing preservative in some vaccines
125
what are some misinformation about vaccines?
natural immunity is better; immune system is overloaded; the government is out to get you
126
what is antibiotic resistance?
the bacterium is no longer "harmed" by the drug; antibiotic use favors the survival and growth of drug- resistance bacteria --> selection
127
how does resistance develop?
mutation and passing genes between bacteria
128
what can happen at the patient level?
inappropriate prescriptions; not completing course of antibiotics; using expired antibiotics; self "prescribing" - unregulated drug
129
what are the big users of antibiotics?
livestock industry; human healthcare; manufacturers who use bioreactors
130
what is TB?
usually a respiratory disease
131
what is latent TB infection?
asymptomatic; not contagious; needs treatment
132
what is TB (active infection)?
symptoms: bad cough, lasting >3 weeks, cough up blood or sputum, chest pain, weakness, weightloss, no appetite, chills/ fever, night sweats; contagious; needs treatment
133
what are the treatment of TB?
take first line drugs for 4,6, or 9 months, as prescribed, everyday
134
what was the DOTS program?
directly observed treatment
135
what is second line drugs?
drugs were scare, expensive and had significant side effects

Global Impact of Infectious Diseases (2 decks)

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