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Global Impact of Infectious Diseases > Unit 3 exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 exam Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

what is biowarfare?

A

the intentional use of disease causing organisms or products of organisms to harm populations to attain a military objective

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2
Q

what is bioterrorism?

A

intentional use of disease causing organisms or products of organisms to harm humans, other animals or plants in order to cause civil unrest and panic or to commit a crime

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3
Q

what are disadvantages of biological agents?

A

morally and socially unethical; delivery can be tricky; difficult to control spread; hazard to self

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4
Q

what happened during the Geneva Protocol of 1925?

A

“a protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating gas, and of biological methods of warfare”; banned all use during war

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5
Q

what did the Geneva Protocol not include?

A

didn’t mention production, storage or transfer of biologic agents

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6
Q

what was the Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology?

A

program started by the Soviets in 1928

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7
Q

what happened in Stalingrad 1942?

A

Soviets may have infected German Panzer troops with tularemia- causing bacteria in Battle of Stalingrad

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8
Q

what happened in Camp Detrick?

A

site of several US medical research facilities

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9
Q

what happened in 1944-45?

A

US and British leaders developed plans to drop hundreds of bomblets with Bacillus anthracis over German cities

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10
Q

what happened in Japan 1932-1945?

A

invaded Manuchuria in 1931; developed Unit 731 as a BW research; thousands of Chinese, Koreans, Russians, criminals and POW experimented on

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11
Q

BW experiments in US

A

San Francisco -1950; NYC subway system -1966; Johnston Atoll - 1963-1969; Operation Whitecoat -1954

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12
Q

who renounces BW for the US?

A

President Nixon in 1969

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13
Q

what happened at the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 1972?

A

banned the research, development and use of biological agents for warfare; mandated destruction of all stocks

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14
Q

what was the USSR response?

A

continued their program because they assumed the US would not stop work either

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15
Q

what was the Sverdlovsk: Anthrax accident?

A

military compound 19 had several pounds of spores released in 1979

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16
Q

what is Biopreparat?

A

Soviet bio-research laboratories and production plants under a supposedly non-military umbrella

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17
Q

what was Vector Laboratory Complex?

A

build in Siberia in 1975; largest, most sophisticated BW facility every build

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18
Q

what was the response of bioterrorism?

A

all states and many cities have bioterrorism response plans; hospitals, labs, and first responders are aware of procedures for repeating and responding to possible events

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19
Q

what was the Strategic National Stockpile?

A

a National Repository of antibiotics, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, life-support medications, IV administration, airway maintenance supplies, and medical and surgical items

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20
Q

what are category A agents?

A

highest priority, high mortality; easily disseminated and/or person-to-person transmission

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21
Q

what are category B agents?

A

moderately easy to disseminate; moderate morbidity and low mortality

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22
Q

what are category C agents?

A

included emerging pathogens that could be engineered that are easily available; potential is there for high morbidity and mortality

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23
Q

what is overt?

A

done or shown openly

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24
Q

what is covert?

A

not openly acknowledged or displayed

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25
what are emerging infections?
infectious diseases whose incidence in humans has increased recently
26
what are factors in infectious disease emergence?
human demographics; societal behavior changes; blood transfusions; human susceptibility to infection; breakdown in public health; technology and industry; international travel and commerce; economic development and land use; poverty and social inequality; and intent to harm
27
what are zoonoses?
diseases of animals that may be transmitted to humans under natural conditions; most have a vector
28
what are re-emerging diseases?
infectious diseases that were under control and are now on the rise
29
what is Zika Virus?
first seen in Uganda in a monkey in 1947; Brazil was the first new world case; cases in more than 30 countries in Americas
30
what is Lymes disease?
increased deer populations and deer mouse populations in proximity to human habitation
31
what is Mpox?
occurs in tropical rainforests in central and west Africa; reservoirs are rodent and primates; direct contact: lesions, respiratory tract, or mucous membranes; indirect contact: contaminated materials
32
what is ebola?
emerged in 1976; natural reservoir thought to be fruit bats; contact with animal leads to index case which then leads to person-person
33
what is the transmission of ebola?
direct contact with blood/secretions/vomit; nosocomial risk is high; indirect contact with needles; semen;
34
what are the symptoms of ebola?
day 7-9: headache, fatigue, fever, muscle soreness; day 10: sudden high fever, vomiting blood, passive behavior; day 11: bruising, brain damage, bleeding from nose, mouth, eyes, anus; day 12: loss of consciousness, seizures, massive internal bleeding, death
35
what are the treatment for ebola?
supportative care, monoclonal antibodies, experimental treatment
36
what is the Eruebo Vaccine?
vaccine for ebola; used ring vaccination
37
where was the last outbreak of ebola?
Uganda
38
what are risk factors for catching an STI?
engaging in sex at a young age; multiple sexual partners; sex with high risk partners; inability to use a condom; violence and sexual abuse; alcohol and drug use
39
what is chlamydia?
bacteria; incubation period: 2-6 weeks; treatment is antibiotics; no vaccine
40
what are symptoms of chlamydia?
largely asymptomatic; can lead to PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy if untreatedw
41
what are the incidence rates of chlamydia?
most common reportable bacterial STI in US; cases are going up
42
what is gonorrhea?
bacteria; incubation period: 2 days - 2 weeks; antibiotic treatment; no vaccine; antibiotic resistance is emerging
43
what are symptoms of gonorrhea?
male: thick, pus-like discharge; burning and frequent urination female: slight vaginal discharge; occasional fever and abdominal pain
44
what are the incidence rates for gonorrhea?
going up by 4.6%
45
what is syphilis?
bacteria; incubation period: 16-28 days or longer; antibiotic treatment; no vaccine; can infect unborn baby
46
what are the symptoms of syphilis?
primary and secondary: painless sores, rash/mucous membrane lesions, most infectious stages of disease latent and late stage: symptoms disappear; paralysis, dementia, internal organ damage and death
47
what is HPV (genital warts)?
human papilloma virus; incubation period: months to years; no treatment; vaccine available
48
what are the symptoms of HPV?
often asymptomatic, often resolves on its own; genital warts may appear; abnormal pap smear in women is most common indication of infection; some strains cause cervical and other cancers
49
what is the incidence of HPV?
so common, nearly all sexually active men and women get the virus at some point; no tests to determine "HPV status"
50
what is genital herpes?
Herpes simplex virus; incubation period: 4-10 days; no treatment to cure, antiviral to manage; no vaccine
51
what are the symptoms of genital herpes?
most are asymptomatic; painful, itching water blisters or open sores; after sores heal, virus remains dormant in infected area and can reactivate; can spread even when no visible sores as it can spread through your skin
52
what is the incidence of genital herpes?
572,000 new cases/year; 12% people aged 14-49 has it; on the rise
53
what is hepatitis A virus?
fecal to oral, can be an STI; vaccine available
54
what is hepatitis B virus?
STI and blood; no treatment; vaccine available; 14,000 new cases
55
what is hepatitis C virus?
blood; drug treatments (expensive); no vaccine; 107,300 new chronic cases
56
what are the symptoms of hepatitis?
often asymptomatic; flu-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting; dark urine, clay- colored BM; chronic liver disease
57
what is trichomoniasis?
parasite; treat with anti-parasite drugs; incubation period: 5-28 days
58
what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?
itching, burning, pain in genitals; discharge; discomfort during sex; only 30% have symptoms
59
what is the origin of HIV?
1900-1940: HIV enters humans multiple times from chimps in West Central Africa; colonial medicine and societal change aided virus spread; T cells gradually decline
60
what is immune deficiency?
immune system loses part or all of its ability to fight infectious disease
61
what is Kaposi's sacroma?
skin cancer that can become systemic
62
what are hemophiliacs?
blood cannot clot normally
63
what was the needle exchange program?
provided sterile needles in exchange for dirty needles
64
what is IDU?
injecting drug users
65
what is GRID?
Gay-Related Immune Deficiency
66
what are the 4 Hs?
Homo, hemophiliacs, heroine users, Haitians
67
what does HIV stand for?
Human immunodeficiency viruses
68
what does AIDS stand for?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
69
what is AZT?
first HIV antiviral drug passed; helps babies to not get AIDS from their mother
70
what is HAART?
Highly active antiretroviral therapy; used to help slow down the effects of HIV and allow people to live longer
71
what is PrEP?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV prevention
72
who is Robert Gallo?
found out that HIV causes AIDS
73
who was Luc Montagnier?
found the HIV virus
74
who was Ryan White?
hemophiliac child who died from AIDS; made people more sympathetic towards AIDS patients
75
who was C. Edward Koop?
was surgeon general under Reagan
76
who was Thabo Mbeki?
president of South Africa
77
what is Global Fund?
an organization created to fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria
78
what is PEPFAR?
President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief; the US helps out other countries that have AIDS issues
79
what is the 90:90:90 campaign?
goal of by 2020: 90% of people will know their HIV status, 90% of people will receive HIV treatment, 90% of HIV patients will have viral suppression
80
what is U=U?
undetectable= untransmittable
81
how has AIDS changed society?
understanding infectious diseases; patient care; patient rights movement
82
what is Taino?
indigenous people who lived on Hispaniola
83
when was the Haitian revolution?
1791-1804
84
who is Toussaint Louverture?
a former slave; helps defeat the Spanish; frees the slaves and unites Hispaniola; lies when traveled to France; Haitian George Washington
85
who is Napoleon?
ruler of France
86
who was Jean- Jacque Dessalines?
first governor of Haiti; massacres all the French; maintains plantation style labor system; assassinated
87
when did Haiti gets it's independence?
Jan 1, 1804
88
what happened under US occupation of Haiti?
1915-1934 US military in control; marines disbanded their army and started the modern Haitian Army who carried out their orders; brutal occupation; Monroe Doctrine; US supports rulers friendly to our interest
89
who was Papa Doc?
President from 1957-1971; replaced all generals with his loyal friends; created the Tonton Macoutes in 1959; expelled foreign born catholic Bishops; 1966- got to appoint Bishops himself; embezzled a fortune from foreign aid for his personal accounts
90
who was Baby Doc?
became president at age 19 in 1971; overthrown in 1986; continued the lavish lifestyle; opened doors to NGOs and manufacturing
91
what is diaspora?
people originated from the land leaving; caused Haiti to lose lots of professionals
92
what is Domino Theory?
belief that events in one country will happen in neighboring countries
93
what is coup?
a sudden, violent, and unlawful seizure of power from a government
94
who was Jean Bertrand Aristide?
catholic priest; preached liberation theology; elected president in 1990; first democratically elected president; coup ousted him in 1991; was reinstated in 1994; re-elected in 2000; resignation/coup in 2004
95
what is Liberation Theology?
Christian theology that emphasizes liberation from oppression
96
who was Rene Preval?
president elected after Aristide
97
who was Michael Martelly?
elected after Rene Preval in 2011; did not hold elections in 2015 so parliament dissolved; resigns in 2016 without elections
98
who was Jovenel Moise?
president elected after Michael Martelly in 2016; got assassinated
99
who was Rafael Trujillo?
president/dictator from 1930-1961 in DR; was assassinated after Civil Warw
100
who was Joaquin Balaguer?
president after Rafael Trujillo from 1966-1996; repressive rule, but more stability and developing democracy
101
what are some factors that keep Haiti in poverty?
governance and politics; health; economy; food security; infrastructure; education
102
what are actions we can take?
development of global will; development of epidemiologic and health care infrastructure; scientific development; social, cultural and religious considerations
103
what can individuals do?
education, politics, one's profession, charitable giving

Global Impact of Infectious Diseases (2 decks)

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