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Y13 Geography > Global Systems and Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems and Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication and transport

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2
Q

What are the dimensions of globalisation?

A

Dimensions of globalisation:
-Economic (trade, TNC)
-Health (medical advances)
-Social (migration)
-Cultural
-Technology
-Environmental (campaigns)
-Political (NGO’s)

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3
Q

What is meant by capital flow?

A

Capital flow = movement of money for purpose of investment, trade,s ervices

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4
Q

What is meant by international trade?

A

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across borders

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5
Q

What are the factors of production that provide goods and services?

A

Factors of production:
-Land (minerals, soil,etc)
-Labour (cost, quality of workfore)
-Capital/Capital flow
-Enterprise

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6
Q

What are the regions that major flows occur between?

A

Major flows occur between:
-Core regions (wealthy countries
-Periphery regions (less wealthy countries)

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7
Q

What is the international monetary fund (IMF)?

A

IMF = international corporation that aims to source financial stability and high employment around the world

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8
Q

What is the world bank?

A

The world bank - group of global institution that gives out loans

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9
Q

What is the flow of labour?

A

Flow of labour = movement of people who move to work in another country
-Mostly to HIC’s
-Highest in Asia and Europe

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10
Q

The flow of physical goods

A

Flow of physical goods:
-Transported between countries due to globalisation
-Mostly in HIC’s
-Due to technological advancements
-HIC’s import from LIC’s to make a profit

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11
Q

Flow of services

A

Flow of services:
-Services can locate anywhere without constraints from recourcs
-Two types of services: high level and low level

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12
Q

What is meant by ‘knowledge economy’?

A

Knowledge economy -> develops quarternary industry, allowing info transfer for stock markets and high tech product

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13
Q

Flow of information

A

Flow of information -> fast broadband and connections, social media communication, knowledge economy

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14
Q

What is remittance?

A

Remittance = a sum of money sent in payment or as a gift between countries
->Somalia relies on remittance due to low economy - lack of anti-money laundering laws / informal economy - disrupts capital flow due to lack of governmental regulation

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15
Q

What is the global division of labour?

A

Global division of labour: Products designed where consumer market located, manufactured in NEE’s, globally distributed

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16
Q

Global division of labour example

A

Global division of labour example -> Nike:
Desgned in USA -> Rubber extracted in China -> Manufactured in Vietnam -> Globally distributed

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17
Q

Factors that increase globalisation

A

Factors that increase globalisation:
-Communication
-Capital investment
-Global marketing
-TNC’s
-Language
-Containerisation
-Transport
-Trade
-Migration
-Travel

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18
Q

What is containerisation?

A

Containerisation is when vast quantities of product are shipped at low costs

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19
Q

How does government support accelerate globalisation?

A

Government support:
-Occurs through UK trade and investment
-Dry ports (inland trading, containerisation)

20
Q

How does security accelerate globalisation?

A

How security accelerates globalisation:
-Terrorism threat high = security high = world customs organisation

21
Q

How does management and information systems accelerate globalisation?

A

Management and Information Systems:
-Intergrate better global systems by better management of economies -> Lidl, Samsung

22
Q

What are the issues associated with interdependance?

A

Issues associated with interdependance:
-Unequal flows (flows of labour, capital, ideas and technology
-Geopolitical risks
-Outsourcing

23
Q

What are the benefits and issues of the flow of people?

A

Flow of people benefits:
-Workers send remittances home which helps their local economy
-People may be fleeing from conflict
Flow of people issues:
-Host country may be dependant on migraint workers, causing issues if there is a change in circumstance
-Migrants home country may be dependant on remittances
-Can cause underpopulation in home country

24
Q

What are the benefits and problems of the flows of money? (Interdependance)

A

Benefits of the flow of money:
-FDI can improve QOL as it provides income
Problems of the flow of money:
-Workers in low income dependant on higher wages and so may subject themselves to dangerous working conditions
-TNC’s may profit too much

25
Q

Flow of ideas benefits and problems (interdependance)

A

Benefits:
-HIC can educate LIC on how to create economic growth
Problems:
-Deregulation may lead to more relaxed social and environmental laws in LIC, causing environmental damage and injustice

26
Q

What are trade blocs?

A

Trade blocs are a group of countries that adopt a common market, eg EU

27
Q

What are the advantages of trade blocs?

A

Trade Bloc Advantages:
-Promotes free trade, which means trading without tariffs
-There is often free movement of labour, eg people,a cross trading blocs
-Creates good trading relathionships with other countries in the trading bloc

28
Q

What are the disavantages of trading blocs?

A

Disadvantages of trading blocs:
-Importing and exporting to countries outside the trading bloc can be expensive
-Countries can often be part of only one trading bloc, meaning they cant enter others
-Countries aren’t treated equally

29
Q

What are common markets?

A

Common markets - an agreement between two or more countries removing all trade barriers between themselves, establishing common tariff and non-tariff barriers for other importers

30
Q

What is monetary union?

A

Monetary union = a zone where a single monetary policy prevails and inside with a single currency

31
Q

Why is outsourcing an issue associated with interdependance?

A

Outsourcing = leads to economic loss in host countries -> as labour is done elsewhere -> Benefits TNC’s only due to cheap costs

32
Q

Geopolitical risks associated with interdependance

A

Geopolitical risks associated with interdependance:
-Country alliances (eg NATO) -> conflic between countries can cause global conflict
-Climate change
-Economic powerhouses (USA v China)
-Energy security (Middle-East dominant market)

33
Q

What is protectionism?

A

Protectionism = refres to government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic industries -> to improve economic activity in the industry + protect safety and quality concerns

34
Q

What is fair trade

A

Fair trade:
-Bottom-up approach
-Social movement that helps promote good trading conditions + sustainability
-Fair payment, promotes equality -> population advances together
-Local communities (ie farmers) benefit

35
Q

What are the factors impacting access to markets?

A

Factors impacting access to markets:
-Trade agreements (such as trade blocs) -> relationships between countries improve trade -> however it reduces acess to other countries markets
-Other agreements such as SEZs (special economic zones)
-Wealth (HIC’s can afford higher tariffs on exports and imports compared to LIC’s

36
Q

Location of Antarctica

A

Location of Antarctica:
-In the Southern Ocean, 60 degrees latitude
-Antarctic Convergence Zone = natural boundary seperating two distinct hydrological regions, approx 32-48km wide

37
Q

What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?

A

Antarctic Circumpolar current = flows eastwards due to Westerly winds, blocing warmer water tavelling south. Known as the West Wind Drift.

38
Q

What is Antarctic Divergence?

A

Antarctic Divergence - a lesser current flowing Westwards, blown by Easterly winds

39
Q

Antarctica’s Physical Geography

A

Antarctica’s Physical Geography:
-Dry Valleys
-Transantarctic Mountains

40
Q

What are global commons?

A

Global Commons: domains that lie outside of the political reach of any nation state
-Eg Antarctica, Space, Atmosphere

41
Q

Antarctica Climate and Environment

A

Antarctica Climate and Environment:
-Extreme environment
-Coldest place on earth, is -40 degrees celcius
-Dry, barely any precipitation, only in the coastal areas - can be considered a desert

42
Q

Antarctica natural resources

A

Antarctica Natural Resources:
-Rich in natural resources eg fossil fuels and minerals
-Large oil reserves in the Southern Ocean
-Iron ore desposits rich in Transantarctic Mountains

43
Q

Vulnerability of Antarctica as a global common

A

Vulnerability of Antarctica as a global common:
-Large amount of resrouces available
-Demands increase
-Climate is fragile - highly adapted to extreme environments so a change can affect entire ecosystem
-Major threats - climate change, fishing and whaling, mineral/resource exploitation, tourism and scientific research

44
Q

Antarctic Treaty

A

Antarctic Treat - collection of agreements that work to protect Antarctica through global governance
-53 parties
-Bans activity relating to mineal resources
-Establishes protection
-Banned nuclear activity
-However, inspections do not occur foten and treaty is not mandatory

45
Q

Antarctica - International Whaling Comission (IWC)

A

IWC:
-89 member states
-Setting catch limits to regulate how many can be caught
-Conservation work through yearly meetings
-States choose freely, no penalty enforced

46
Q

Convention on the conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

A

-Treaty created in 1980
-Protects marine life populations, especially krill
-Ecosystem monitoring program, detects and records changes in the ecosystem + analyses effects of commercial fishing

47
Q

Influence of NGO’s on Antarctic Governence

A

Influence of NGO’s on Antarctic Governence:
-Charities such as Greenpeace and WWF enhances protection by:
-Monitoring reliability of government data
-Reporting issues
-Spreading awareness
-Creating petitions and campaigns for change

Y13 Geography (7 decks)

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