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y13 geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between oceanic and continental crust

A

Oceanic crust: more dense, hard balsaltic, less thick
Continental crust: Less dense, soft granite, thicker

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2
Q

Difference between a natural event and a natural hazard

A

Natural event = feature that occurs due to earth’s processes
Natural hazard = when a natural event can cause loss of life or damage to property

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3
Q

Geophysical hazards

A

Geophysical hazard = caused by earth’s processes - internal (tectonic), external (mass movement)

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4
Q

Hydrological hazards

A

Hydrological hazards = caused by occurence/movement/distribution of water

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5
Q

Atmospheric hazards

A

Atmospheric hazards = within the atmosphere eg exteme weather events

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6
Q

When do hazards become a disaster?

A

Hazards become a disaster in a vulnerable population -> Dregg’s model

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7
Q

Plate boundaries

A

Plate boundaries:
-Collision
-Transform/Conservation
-Divergent/Constructive
-Convergent

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8
Q

Collision plate boundary

A

Collision plate boundary:
-Equal density, folds upwards and creates mountains
-Earthquakes only, himalayas

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9
Q

Transform/Conservative boundary

A

Transform/Conservative argument:
-Plates slide past eachother, friction released
-Earthquakes only
-San-andreas fault in California

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10
Q

Divergent/Constructive boundary

A

Divergent/Constructive boundary:
-Plates move away from eacother
-Forms Ocean Ridge system
-Underwater mountains + volcanoes
-Shield volcanoes and easthquakes
-Rift valleys
-Mid-alantic Ridge

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11
Q

Convergent boundary

A

Convergent boundary:
-Denser ocean plate subducts -> downward placement forms a deep-sea trench -> sediment unfolded
-Composite volcanoes and earthquakes

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12
Q

Why do plate boundaries move?

A

Plate boundaries move due to ridge push, slate pull and convection currents

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13
Q

Evidence of continental drift

A

Evidence of continental drift:
-Geological fit (similar rock types in different areas)
-Tectonic fit (plate movement causes land movement)
-Jigsaw fit (countries fit together)
-Paleomagnetism
-Fossil evidence

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14
Q

Factors that affect viewpoints of how dangerous hazards are

A

Factors that affect viewpoints of how dangerous hazards are:
-Wealth
-Experience
-Education
-Religion and beliefs
-Mobility

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15
Q

Passive response to a hazard

A

The passive response to a hazard = fatalism = viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable natural events and losses should be accepted

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16
Q

Active responses to a hazard

A

Active responses to a hazard:
-Prediction
-Adaptation
-Mitigation
-Management
-Risk sharing

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17
Q

Aspects of hazards that could affect human responses

A

Aspects of hazards that could affect human responses:
-Frequency
-Distribution (where the hazard occurs)
-Intensity
-Magnitude
-Level of development

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18
Q

The Park Model

A

The Park Model is a graphical representation of human responses to hazards
-Step 1 = Relief (hrs/days) = immediate local response
-Step 2 = Rehabilitation (days/weeks) = Services, shelters, food and water
-Step 3 = Reconstruction (weeks/yrs) = restoring the area back to normal

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19
Q

Outline the earth’s structure

A

Earth’s structure:
-Inner core = solid ball of iron/nickel, hot due to pressure and radioactive decay
-Outer core = semi-molten, iron/nickel
-Mantle = solid rock, silicon, semi-molten magma layer called aesthenosphere with lithosphere ontop
-Crust = thin top of lithosphere

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20
Q

Outline the movement of convection currents

A

Convection currents:
-Heat from core convects through mantle
-hot magma rises as it becomes less dense
-magma cools at top and sinks
-this movement causes tectonic plates to move

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21
Q

Hazards caused by volcanoes

A

Volcanic hazards:
-Lava flows
-Lahars (mudflows)
-Glacial floods
-Tephra (rock ejected from the volcano)
-Toxic gases
-Acidic rain
-Pyroclastic flows

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22
Q

Volcano distribution

A

Volcano distribution - along constructive or deconstructive plate boundaries or hotpots - ring of fire

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23
Q

Volcano magnitude

A

Volcano magnitude is measured using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

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24
Q

Primary impacts of volcanic hazards

A

Primary impacts of volcanic hazards:
-Damaged ecosystems
-Businesses destroyed
-People killed
-Homes destroyed
-Government buildings destroyed

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25
Q

Secondary impacts of volcanic hazards

A

Secondary impacts of volcanic hazards:
-Acidic rain
-Loss of jobs
-Forest fires
-Government conflicts

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26
Q

Responding to a volcanic hazard

A

Responding to a volcanic hazard:
-Prevention - not allowing people near
-Preparedness - increased monitoring, education
-Mitigation - strengthening buildings, evacuation zones
-Adaptation - moving away from risky areas, tourism for better opportunities to increase mitigation

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27
Q

What are the immediate responses to volcanic eruptions?

A

Immediate response:
-Aid
-Warnings and monitoring
-Evacuation
-Temporary infrastructure (shtlers)

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28
Q

What are the long-term responses to volcanic eruptions?

A

Long-term responses to volcanic eruptions:
-Education
-Relocation using resettlement programmes
-Improve locale economy
-Rebuild infrastructure

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29
Q

Mitigation and adaptation strategies to tectonic hazards?

A

Mitigation and adaptation strategies to tectonic hazards:
-Land-use and buildings
-Physical defences ie diversion
-Community preparedness
-Modifying loss (aid, compensation)

30
Q

What is the difference between the focus and the epicentre of earthquakes?

A

Focus = where the pressure is released/originates from
Epicentre = where the earthquake is felt on the earth’s surface

31
Q

Types of earthquakes

A

The types of earthquakes include:
-Shallow-focus earthquakes = focus is close to the earth’s surface
-Deep-focus
-Underwater -> cuases water displacement -> leading to tsunamis

32
Q

Different waves created by earthquakes

A

Different waves created by earthquakes:
-L-waves (love waves) (significant damage, across surface)
-P-waves (primary waves, fast)
-S-waves (secondary, makes ground shake)

33
Q

Primary and Secondary hazards of earthquakes?

A

Primary hazards: Ground shaking, crustal fracturing
Secondary hazards: Landslides, Liquefaction (waterlogging sediment), tsunamis

34
Q

Tsunami characteristics

A

Tsunami characteristics:
-Long wavelength
-Short amplitude at sea, increases at shore
-Quick velocity
-Drawback of water at coasts

35
Q

Predicting hazards

A

Predicting Hazards:
-Seismometers tell where earthquake has occured + can indicate magma movement for volcanoes
-Tiltmeters can redocrd volcanoes ‘bulging’ as magma rises
-Gas spectrometers analyse gas emissions at volcanoes

36
Q

Immediate responses to earthquakes

A

Immediate responses to earthquakes:
-Temporary housing
-Evacuations or warnings
-Aid
-Temporary infrastructure
-Rescue operations

37
Q

Long-term responses to earthquakes

A

Long-term responses to earthquakes:
-Rebuilding infrastructure
-Improve local economy
-Improve preparation

38
Q

How to mitigate earthquake damages

A

Mitigating earthquake damage:
-Physical defences (eg tsunami defences such as seawalls)
-Education
-Land-use zoning (preventing building on vulnerable coasts)
-Infrastructure defence - deep foundations, shock absorbers, deep glazing

39
Q

Describe the earth’s core

A

Core of the earth:
-Made up of dense rock containing iron and nickel
-Divided into inner and outer
-Temp above 5000 degree celcius
-Heat produced due to primordial heal from earth’s formation and radiogenic heat from radioactive isotype decay

40
Q

Describe the earth’s mantle

A

The earth’s mantle:
-Thickest layer
-Made up of molten and semi-molten rock rich in iron and magnesium
-Outer layer - aesthenosphere

41
Q

Describe the crust of the earth

A

Earth’s crust:
-Two layers: thin layer of dense balsalt under oceans and less dense thick granite rock making up the continents

42
Q

What is the plate tectonic theory?

A

The plate tectonic theory = the theory of continental drift

43
Q

Reasons for plate movement

A

Plate movement is caused by:
-Convection currents within the mantle
-Ridge push/Gravitational sliding (less dense hot magam wells up and produced ocean ridge, cools and becomes dense - graviety acting on this causes sliding from the ridge)
-Slab pull (the force that the sinking edge exerts on the rest of the plate as it subducts)

44
Q

Nature and distribution of volcanoes

A

Nature and distribution of volcanoes:
-Along constructive plate boundaries
-On or near subduction zones
-Over hotspots

45
Q

Method of measuring magnitude of volcanic activity?

A

Method of measuring magnitude of volcanic activity = The volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
-Frequency is measured by looking at previous activity

46
Q

Primary effects of volcanic activity

A

Primary effects of volcanic activity:
-Tephra (solid material of varying size eg ash into the atmosphere)
-Pyroclastic flows
-Lava flows
-Volcanic gases

47
Q

Secondary effects of volcanic activity

A

Secondary effects of volcano activity:
-Lahars (volcanic mudflows)
-Flooding due to melting glaciers from the heat
-Volcanic landslides
-Tsunamis
-Acid Rain
-Climatic change

48
Q

Responses to volcanic hazards

A

Responses to volcanic hazards:
-Preparedness (monitoring gases, lava levels, bulging of land, small earthquakes
-Mitigation (risk assessments, diverting lava flow, seawater on lava flow, barriers)
-Adaption (relocation)

49
Q

Phillipines Volcanic Event details

A

Phillipines volcanic event:
-Mount Mayon, 2000+ meters above sea level
-Composite volcano
-Historic eruptions
-Surrounded by city and towns
-Popular tourist spot

50
Q

Phillipino Mount Mayon (2018) risk and vulnerability

A

Phillipino Mount Mayon (2018) risk and vulnerability:
-Large ash emissions acros land
-Heavy lava flows against local agriculture
-Historical dataP

51
Q

Phillipino Mount Mayon (2018) impacts

A

Phillipino Mount Mayon (2018) impacts:
-No deaths
-Well-organised emergency procedures
-Responses: hygenic packages for families, military support, first-aid stations, international help from United states

52
Q

Focus of an earthquake

A

Earthquake focus: Point at which the pressure is released

53
Q

Earthquake epicentre

A

Earthquake epicentre: Point where it is first felt on the earth’s surface

54
Q

Effect of human acitvity on earthquakes

A

Effect of human activity on earthquakes:
-Building large reservois which puts pressure on underlying rock
-Subsidence of deep min workings
-Fracking of rock to release gas

55
Q

Measuring earthquake magnitude

A

Measuring earthquake magnitude:
-Moment magnitude scale (in terms of energy released)

56
Q

Primary effects of seismic activity

A

Primary effects of seismic activity:
-Ground shaking caused by shock waves
-Ground rupture
-Infrastructure damage
-Ecosystem damage

57
Q

Secondary effects of seismic activity

A

Secondary effects of seismic activity:
-Soil liquefaction (soils with high water content lose strength and becomes fluid)
-Land slides/avalanches
-Tsunamis - generated by shallow focus underwater earthquakes

58
Q

Creation of tsunami

A

Creation of tsunami:
-Earthquake rocks the ocean floor
-Displaces volume of water, pushing it up
-Sets off an oscillation, which develops underwater at great speed
-Sea water is sucked back from shore
-Waves get bigger as water gets shallower

59
Q

What does effects of tsunami depend on?

A

The effects of tsunamis depend on:
-Wave height and distance
-Length of event at souce
-Extent to which warnings could be given
-Coastal physical geography, land use and population density

60
Q

Tsunami example

A

Tsunami example - march 2011 Tohoku - caused by 9.0 earthquake, over 40km i height and 16k deaths

61
Q

Responses to seismic hazards

A

Responses to seismic hazards:
-Prepardness (secured furniture, communication plan, emergency supply kit)
-Mitigation (early warning systems, hazard-resistance structure ie foundation and rubber shock absorbers_
-Adaptation (identify risk areas, relocation)

62
Q

Tropical cyclone features

A

Tropical cyclone features:
-Cyclone/Hurricane/Typhoon
-Low pressure weather systems that develop in the tropics
-26celcius+ waters
-Coriolis force

63
Q

Measuring cyclone magnitude

A

Measuring cyclone magnitude = saffir simpson scale (5 point scale determined by wind speed)
-doesnt take other factors into account ie storm surges, flooding and rainfall

64
Q

Impacts of climate change on tropical cyclones

A

Impacts of climate change on tropical cyclones:
-Air temp above warmer than water resulting in enhanced uplift
-Oceanic evaporation -> increased atmospheric water vapour

65
Q

What does vulnerability to tropical cyclone depend on?

A

Vulnerability to tropical cyclones depend on:
-Intensity of storm (1-5(
-Movement speed
-Coastal area geography
-Warnings and community response

66
Q

Major impacts of tropical cyclones

A

Major impacts of tropical cyclones:
-Winds
-Heavy reinfall
-Storm surges

67
Q

Response to storm hazards

A

Response to storm hazards:
-Preparedness (weather satellite data, warning system, storm shelter construction)
-Mitigation (resillient infrastructure)
-Adaptation (land-use planning, sea walls and flood barriers

68
Q

Typhoon Haiyan details

A

Typhoon Haiyan
-Phillipines deadliest typhoon
-High density population and overcrowded residential areas - vulnerable
-Heavy rainfall
-High storm surges
-6000 deaths
-Damage to inrfrastructure, homlessness, almost 3 billion in damages

69
Q

What is slab pull?

A

Slab pull occurs when denser oceanic plate is subducted under the less dense continental plate

70
Q

What is ridge push?

A

Ridge push is when magma rises from the mantle -> cools and slides downslope due to gravitational force -> causing plates to move

71
Q

What is sea floor spreading?

A

Sea floor spreading occurs when two oceanic plates move away from eachother -> causing magma to rise -> forms new crust ridges when cools

y13 geography (7 decks)

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