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global systems and governance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by binding vs non-binding?

A

binding- something you must do required by laws to avoid legal consequences

non-binding- more of a guideline/recommendation—> aren’t legally obligated to follow, no legal penalty

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2
Q

what is sustainable development ?

A
  • development that meets needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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3
Q

sustainable development what is the Agenda 21?

A

it was adopted at Earth Summit in Rio
- a non-binding resolution for sustainable development
—> 78 govts signed focused on poverty , conservation, management of resources
—> meant plans went down from International agencies to local authority level e.g. UK recycling

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4
Q

what is a NGO?

A

a non-profit, citizen based group that functions independently of govt, organised on all scales to serve social and political issues

NGOs give local perspectives to global stage , they give everyone a voice
- they monitor compliance and ensures governments are accountable for commitments

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5
Q

what is the role of NGOs in global governance ?

A
  • operate at all scales and important in interactions that influence global governance
  • not official government bodies but influence international decisions making
    e.g. influence human right, environment, protection, health, development
  • social media= greater communication raise awareness = expanded scope and becoming more international
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6
Q

what are operational vs advocacy NGOs?

A

operational- provide frontline support services to the needy —> delivery services and aid e.g. OXFAN (poverty and humanitarian aid)—> raise money for each project they undertake

advocacy- focus on influencing policy and public opinion, campaigns to raise awareness and support for a cause e.g. Greenpeace (environment)—> often rely on donations

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7
Q

example of an NGO (‘safe pair of hands’- Kenya)

A
  • local to improve access to safe water and hygiene services = will improve health —> had public donations and help from UK aid
  • addresses SDGs on health and water supply = helps well being and health e.g. handwashing practices reduce risk of disease= productivity etc
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8
Q

climate change key points

A
  • good link to carbon and water cycle
  • interactions between range of scales —> governance of climate change

UNFCC- Paris Climate Summit (2015) - agreement to combat climate change
ratified by nearly all govts
keep global temps rise below 2 degrees C and limit temperature increase to 1.5 degree C

Govt response- lack of action to impose measures to address climate change
citizen response - citizen led protests due to lack of govt response e.g. Greenpeace, Greta Thunberg ‘school strike for climate’
- UK govt response- declaration of “Environment and climate emergency” due to pressure from citizens, NGOs and civil society grps
- Recent examples= COP28- agree to transition away from fossil fuels etc
- national scale- 2021 net zero strategy (UK) —> reach by 2050
- Reigate (local example) - electric vehicles, 5 year corporate plan. solar together scheme etc
- individual- walking, recycling etc

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9
Q

what is multiscalar power?

A

the ye ability to influence the behaviours and attitudes through interaction at different scales to encourage and prevent change
—> can involve govt, NGOs, civil society groups, individual citizens etc

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10
Q

global governance explain

A
  • ways global affairs (which affect multiple nations ) are managed —> collective decision making of issues (normally affect ppl worldwide )
  • regulate global economic and political systems by: often done by intergovernmental agencies/institutions r.g. UN, IMF, WTO
    —> rules countries should follow (ensures everyone in global system act a certain way) —> they monitor if rules are followed —> they enforce rules if they aren’t followed e.g. economic sanctions (withdrawing trade etc) International Court
  • international relations- decisions made by individual state govts —> cooperation between countries who will act to abide certain rules —> they sign treaties/international laws —> international agreements= establish in form of treaties, directives, protocols
  • becoming more important for global commons e.g. Antarctica - needs integrated approach —> international coop to mange —> No ‘world’ govt!
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11
Q

examples of global governance

A
  • sustainable development- net zero, SDGs
  • protection global commons - paris climate change agreement, Kyoto
  • environmental sustainability- debt for nature swap
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12
Q

aims for global governance?

A
  • promote: growth (improve economy and society)
    stability (no sudden changes in economy/society)
  • globalisation= increasingly economically integrated world —> TNCs gain more power and control —> global governance needs to regulate this process
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13
Q

global governance general issues?

A
  • accepted ‘norms’ vary between cultures
    —> not all societies agree what’s acceptable
  • some countries interpret law differently = consequences for environment etc
  • many global institutions = link to richest, most powerful countries which provide most of the funding = inequalities
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14
Q

what are institutions ?

A

formal organisations to facilitate discussion, cooperation and decision making between nations
—> create laws monitor whether they’re being followed and enforce them if broken
e.g. UN, World Bank , IMF, WTO

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15
Q

what are norms?

A
  • values, traditions and customs that govern behaviour in society e.g. respect for human rights, gender equality —> often become laws
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16
Q

issues with norms?

A

not all countries agree to what is normal= makes global governance hard

often determined by wealthy , powerful countries which provide
- largely based around free market, democracy, capitalist economic systems
—> leads to global systems being reproduced as countries need to adopt political and economic systems in order to access benefits of globalisation etc

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17
Q

norms- human rights

A

—> UN declaration of Human right —> defines global human rights —> human rights council= pressures for improvements where human rights are denied to ppl

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18
Q

what are actors?

A
  • manage global affairs, impact and contributing to shaping wider global systems
    —> act reactively (reasoning to something e.g. event) and proactively (lobby for change, facilitate change e.g. may create new laws
    e.g. national govts , TNCs, International organisations
    —> e.g. Uk support for reversible energy sources
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19
Q

what are laws?

A

formal rules that must be adhered to
- legally binding
- international treaties and agreements that set out specific rules to govern issues e.g. human rights, global trade, the international humanitarian law (on war)
- some states have different approaches e.g. some treat international law as domestic law, others don’t e.g. UK

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20
Q

example of laws

A

UNCLOS (United nationals convention on law of the sea)
- sets out specific rules, responsibilities, rights for countries in their use of oceans and seas —> protection of ecosystems, marine environment etc

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21
Q

laws challenges?

A
  • sovereignty- countries prioritise sovereignty (authority of state to govern itself) over international laws which may interfere with domestic interests etc
  • rely on cooperation between natuons (unlike national laws)= inconsistent
  • social norms vary —> countries have different priorities etc
  • more powerful countries can influence /bypass international laws
  • issues like climate change, human rights etc require multilateral agreements = challenging and hard to negotiate and enforce
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22
Q

when is global governance required?

A

issues like:
- protection of environment, pandemic , climate change, trade, investment inequalities , reduce poverty , human rights violations, conflicts etc
—> can’t be tackled by national govt acting alone
—> becoming more important as interdependence grows

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23
Q

what is the world bank and IMF?

Study These Flashcards
A

world bank= gives link term funding for development protects e.g. invest in health, education etc

IMF= provides short term loans to financially stabilise somewhere during financial crisis

both established in 1945 after WW2

24
Q

what is the WTO?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • promotes free trade and arranges special and differential trade agreements to achieve economic growth and development
  • establish 1995
  • has 162 member estates
25
what are SAPS?
Structural adjustment programmes - economic policies on LICs and MICs e.g. telling them to withdraw costly state support for inefficient industries in order then to obtain new loans —> this then hopefully boosts their ebony following this restructure if their economy in order for financial support
26
what do SAPS loans consist of ?
loans are from World Bank and IMF (Bretton Woods Institutions) to countries that experience economic crisis
27
what do SAPs implement?
- free market programmes and policy —> internal changes = privatisation (removing state-owned companies) and deregulation , remove tariffs, reduce spending on healthcare and public spending etc —> reducing govt control over economy . External e.g. reduce trade barriers
28
SAPs aims?
- boosts economies, promote free market, help countries in debt, reduce global inequalities etc BUT - means places lost sovereignty, poor countries often have no choice but to comply, cuts to health and education= can hit poorest hardest
29
IMF role and function?
- only short term global -regulate financial flows and stabilise global monetary system - financial and technical assistance - ‘bail out’ loans —> only offered as last resort to prevent global economic crisis (stability) - financial reserved= drawn from quotas - loans offered to member states (189) to help with balance of payments
30
IMF criticisms
- it’s paid for by members= influenced determined by wealth = inequality as wealth have more powerful votes - SAPs may insist on cutting on spending on education band welfare - loan eventually has to be paid back at high interest rates
31
examples of IMF supporting
- Greece 2010- IMF helped Greece bail out - they gave them a third if total amount of $146bn= stopped a financial collapse of Greece and knock on effects to Europe of this BUT IMF insisted on austerity measures = protests and high unemployment
32
world bank role and function?
- long term for developing nations - promotes reduction in poverty in developing countries (provides assistance for development) - long term investment through IBRD - encourages and advises start up enterprises in developing countries
33
world bank criticisms?
- top down approach= decisions which may not help reduce poverty —> e.g. funding large multipurpose dam to provide HEP in LICs - conditions (SAPs)= include reproduction of capitalist and free trade models= doesn’t always reduce poverty
34
world bank example?
- Haiti 2001 onwards —> World Bank supported them in its disaster management -> mapped vulnerable areas and created emergency corporations centre BUT in 2911 buildings = destroyed in earthquake
35
world trade organisation (WTO) pros/role
- responsible for facilitating international trafe - aims to promote free trade on global scale and remove trade barriers e.g. tariffs —> reduce protectionist - set procedures to settle disputes between member govts - aims for trade liberalisation (no govt. intervention and regulation) - aims to reach agreements that become legal ground rules for international commerce = stability and confidence that the there will be no sudden policy changes - Doha development round- focused on reform trades in agricultural produce between advanced and developing economies = help reduce poverty inequality
36
WTO issues
- it’s dominated by large rich countries who benefit the most —> they have been winning negotiations —> trying to get 162 member states to agree is challenging —> leads to regional and bilateral trade (instead of multilateral)—> countries act in economic and political self interest - trade ethical issues (child labour etc) - environmental issues from trade - down fish stock etc - small local industries harmed due to trade policies - cultural diversity with free trade reduces
37
when and why was the UN set up?
1945 to promote international cooperation and reduce conflicts
38
UN key points ?
- first post war IGO established - 193 member states (started with 51) - made up of several organisations e.g. General assembly, security council, international court of justice (ICJ)
39
how does the UN aim to promote growth and stability?
UNDP- development programme e.g. Millennium development goals (MDGs) (8 goals) —> reduce ppl living in poverty and increase number children in school . Gender , equality, combat diseases etc —> since 1945 it’s focused on sustained development goals (SDG’s)—> 17 goals aiming to tackle climate change reduce inequalities etc —> agreed a new agenda 2030
40
UN aims and goals?
1. maintain Internatioal peace and security 2. protect human rights/issues that face humanity 3. deliver humanitarian aid 4 support sustained development and climate action 5. uphold international law 6 promote international cooperation
41
UN some current examples?
Human rights —> UN high commissioner Jan 2025 visited Syria to engage with officials, UN bodies etc to address human rights and concerns in the country —> initiative follows political campaigns in Syria which opened new avenues to address past human rights violations in 13 year civil war UN Framework convention on climate change - annual conference if parties (COP) e.g. COP28 in 2023 —> negotiate agreements to address global climatic issues e.g. reduce emissions, climate finance, support vulnerable nations —> Paris Agreement (2015)= achievement of this dialogue
42
what are MDGs (UN)- positives?
- promoted growth and stability as —> South Asia= global parity improved —> 36% decrease in ppl living in poverty globally —> many MICs progressed towards the 8 goals - first time global development had a clear shared set of goals —> increased global awareness of some issues
43
MDGs (UN) negatives?
- had some inequalities and injustices —> progress was decent = inequality —> gap between rich and poor still big - FAILED to address gender issues (violence to women and gender pay gap etc ) - poorest countries struggling to progress to goals —-> 2015 Afrtica population still in poverty —> too narrow scope and modest in ambition ALSO weak statistical data from LIC’s failed to show inequalities within countries —> masked by overall country data
44
when did SDGs come out? (UN)
- launched by UN in 2015 as part of 2030 agenda for sustainable development - came out after MDGs (replaced them) because MDGs ‘repeatedly showed poorest and those most disadvantaged because of age,ethnicity, gender, disability etc were bypassed’
45
what does the SDG’s do? (UN)
- 17 goals aiming to address global challenges e.g. justice, poverty, climate, hunger, health, partnerships, inequality etc - aim= ‘leave no one behind ’ - focuses on gaps left by MDGs —> led to growth e.g. economic growth , decent jobs, industrialisation, energy —> lead to stability (focus on peace, justice and climate change) - integration of ppl centered MDGs and planet centered declarations RIO + 20 conference 2012
46
SDG’s (UN) issues?
- lack of mechanism on enforcing targets on counties - lack of progress to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions= threatens a progress to many SDGs —> climate action SDG crucial for meeting other SDG’s e.g. ‘Zero Hunger’- as crop yields threatened in extreme weather (droughts etc) - no explicit role of TNCS —> goal for inclusive and sustainable industrialisation but TNCs main focus is profit! - contradiction of goals e.g. ones to combat climate change but also ones to continue economic growth, wealth creation and end poverty * still lots of inequalities and injustices
47
UN criticisms ?
- lack of agreement - led to security issues - limited power to enforce compliance to regulations by national govt - funding= comes from more powerful nations= they can set agenda for own self interest
48
what is the UNSC?
United nations security council —> ensures international peace and security around world
49
UNSC how many permanent members?
- 5 (Uk, China, USA, France, Russia) —> winners of WW2 so deemed best to govern due to size, power, influence —> 10 more nations involved in decision making (but replaced every 2 years)
50
UNSC major failure?
- they failed to intervene in Rwanda genocide 1994 —> ethnic tensions between Hutu majority and Tutsi minority —> 100 days, 800,000 ppl slaughtered by ethnic extremists (Hutu)
51
UNSC- what is power of veto?
if anyone of 5 permanent members dint agree with a resolution they can block it
52
UNSC- what is the international court of justice (ICJ)?
- if country breaks rules the ICJ settles disputes using international law BUT not all countries agree to follow rulings of court e.g. Russian can veto rulings against it —> USA V Nicaragua - ICJ concluded USA had illegally been supporting tight wind rebel groups to overthrow the govt= ICJ rewarded Nicaragua financial compensation—> BUT USA used position in UNSC to block enforcement rulings
53
UNSC other key points?
- it has facilitated nuclear disarmament during cold war - it sends neutral peacekeeping troops to de escalate in regions of conflict
54
what is the UN peacekeeping?
- peacekeepers = work to save lives , reduce likelihood of civil wars recurring, achieve peace agreements - helped Namibia maintain peace and stability post conflict (civil wars, genocide etc) - peacekeepers assist in rebuilding institutions e.g. hospitals, schools etc, monitoring ceasefire lines , demobilise troops, reform systems BUT - sri lanka peacekeeping forces accused of sexual abuse and exploitation in Haiti —> BUT now mechanisms to ensure victims feel safe to report incidents like this again
55
another key UN thing?
there’s also the UNFCC the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate change

Human geography- global systems and governance (9 decks)

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