globalisation Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
what international organisations play an important role in globalisation
A
- international monetary fund
- world bank
- world trade organisation
2
Q
what is the international monetary fund
A
provides financial cooperation and trade
3
Q
how does the international monetary fund help countries.
A
providing loans to member countries in exchange for lifting trade restrictions.
4
Q
what does the world bank do.
A
member countries pay a subscription to the bank this is then used as a lone for the less develop countries.
5
Q
what does the world trade organisation do
A
increase trade and help resolve trade disputes between member countries
6
Q
how can the work of international organisations be controversial
A
they hold too much power over global flows.
7
Q
why is the IMF and the world bank seen as controversial
A
a country has to abide by strict rules and conditions in order to get a loan and this can be difficult for developing countries.
8
Q
some advantages for member states with trade blocs
A
- get goods at a cheaper price
- larger market for goods is provided for member states
- trade barriers can be set up for non member countries.
9
Q
what are 2 examples of trading blocs
A
- the european union
- the association of south east asian nations
10
Q
what is the european union
A
it has 27 members and free trade exists between them and there are common external tariffs on good imported into the bloc.
11
Q
what is the association of south east asian nations
A
it has 10 members and has free trade between its nations. this encouraged local manufacturing and bank industries to grow, making them more economically competitive.
12
Q
how do political and economic decisions accelerate globalisation.
A
- governments in NEE have developed incentives to encourage FDI to invest
- special economic zones have low tax rates or tax breaks to encourage investors to set up business within that area.
- governments can invest in transport for the SEZ which can be good especially for land locked countries/areas.
13
Q
what is the China Open Door Policy (1978)
A
between 1949 and 1970’s chinas industry was under state control which meant that poverty rates where high and china was on the outskirts of the global economy.
14
Q
what happened from 1978 with the China Open Door Policy.
A
radical economic and political changes made China more competitive in the global economy. this was known as the open door policy.
15
Q
what help china develop further
A
special economic zones, FDI’s and TNCs invested in china and this meant that china was becoming richer and more of a global influence.
16
Q
why are some countries switch off
A
- physical geography
- political decisions
- lack of economic development
- environmental resilience
17
Q
example of a switched of country
A
- north korea
18
Q
what ate TNCs
A
they opperate in two or more countries
19
Q
what do TNCs control.
A
they control the supply chain that extend multiple countries.
20
Q
what does offshoring mean
A
when a TNC moves branches of the company to other locations overseas.
21
Q
what does outsourcing mean
A
when a TNC moves part of its operations to local companies overseas.
22
Q
where has the global economy shited too
A
Asia
23
Q
what is global shift in manufacturing
A
they went from making toys and textiles to making consumer electrons
24
Q
how has India become a hub for outsourcing services
A
india has a large an youth full population. many of these have a degree in IT and engineering and this is what attracts companies.
25
what are the benefits to global shift
- infrastructure inverstment
- education, training and health care
- waged work and poverty reduction
26
what is infrastructure investment
it has led to investment within transport and energy infrastructure. it has also led to new power stations being built
27
what is education, training and health care
increased national revenues in infrastructure has allowed more money to be put into schools and medical care. more kids are finishing school leading to a higher literacy rate
28
what are developing countries social and environmental problems
- land degradation
- loss of biodiversity
- pollution
- urbanisation
- over - exploitation of resources
29
what are developed countries facing
- unemployment and depopulation
- deregulation and contamination
- crime
30
what is meant by voluntary migration
movement of people made from the choices of thier own free will.
31
how has economic migration increased
as the connections between distant countries has increased and this migration further strengths the independence between countries.
32
how is migration closely linked to gloalisation
this is because people are wanting to move and live closer to the big cities either for work or for living conditions.
33
what is meant by push and pull factors
push factors - reasons people wanna leave an area
pull factors - reasons people are attracted to an area
34
give me examples of push factors from rural areas
- lack of sustainable employment opportunities
- poor working conditions
- changing climate conditions
35
give examples of pull factors to urban areas
- increased availability of jobs
- better wages
- wider choices of schools
- better healthcare systems
36
what is a consequence of rapid rural-urban migration in low income countries
migrants might build illegal informal housing on marginal land
37
what challenges do cities face when accommodating large number of migrants
lack of school places
insufficient medical staff
inadequate public services
38
what issues arise from informal employment in urban areas
lower wages, fewer health and safety regulations and no tax contributions to the local authorities.
39
how does increased population affect waste management
large volumes of untreated sewage and toxic waste may enter river systems leading to pollution.
40
what environmental issues can arise from overcrowding in cities
increased traffic congestion, air pollution and overcrowding public transport
41
what is the flood risk associated with urban migration
increased flood risk during high rainfall seasons due to fewer drainage areas
42
what was the pollution increase in Mumbai from 1950 to 2020
the population increased by more than 50% to 20.4 million people
43
what are the main sources of migrants coming to Mumbai
migrants mainly come from uttar pradesh, karnataka and gujarat
44
what is one of the largest slums in the world located in Mumbai
Dharavi, which occupies a 2km squared space and is home to over 1 million people.
45
what type of informal employment thrives in Dharavi
plastic recycling, with 15000 single room workshops generating an annual turnover of $1 billion.
46
what are some poor living conditions that people face in Dharavi
open defecation due to limited sewage access and common disease like dysentery due to a lack of clean drinking water
47
what pressure to city officials face regarding Dharavi
increased pressure to develop Dharavi for wealthier residents as land prices change.
48
how many people lived outside thier country of birth in 2020
281 million people which is 3.6% of the global population
49
what type of migration tends to happen at a quicker pace than international migration
rural to urban migration
50
what are global hubs
cities that are highly connected globally and serve focal points for global activities. often home to TNC headquarters.
51
what is elite migration
the movement of highly skilled people often into global cities
52
what benefits do elite migrants bring to global hubs like london
they spread wealth by employing many people in service jobs and contributing to the local economy
53
why have wealthy russian oligarchs invested in london
to take advantage of tax breaks, investment opportunities and access to uk bank accounts and private schools
54
what negative impact has elite migration had on parts of london
it has led to price inflation making certain living areas increasingly unaffordable
55
what is mass low wage economic migration
the movement of low-paid workers to global hubs to fill specific employment quotas, especially in ares with low population levels
56
how many indian workers are estimated to be in Qatar
up to 70,000 indian people
57
what types of jobs do indian migrants typically fill in Qatar
they work in construction, tourism, recreation facilities, infrastructure projects and as domestic servants
58
what are some benefits of migration for host countries
- filling skill shortages
- boosting the local economy
- restoring balance in an aging population
- promoting cultural exchange
59
what are some costs associated with mass migration for host countries
- social tensions
- language barriers
- pressure on education and healthcare system
- potential ghettoisation of migrant communities
60
what major international evens increased demand for migrant labor in Qatar
2022 football world cup
61
what are the significant concerns for the working conditions in Qatar
long hours in hot conditions and a high death rate among workers
62
how do migrants contribute to thier home countries economically.
by sending money back to thier families.
63
benefits of migration for source countries
- remittance payments
- public service provision
- less pressure on resources
64
costs of migrations for source countries
- population imbalance
- funding cut to schools and collages
- families may be split up cuasing poor social stability
65
what is culture
culture is the shared customs of a group that evolves through the influence of different events and processes
66
what are the components that make up a culture
- languages
- art and symbols
- history
- traditions
- clothes
- music
- food
67
what is meant by homogeneity in cultures
everyone follows the same set of cultural norms, leading to a distinct lack of cultural diversity
68
what does cultural pluralism mean
a state in which more than one culture coexists and each culture retains its defining characteristic's
69
what is cultural hybridism
a state in which one or more cultures have formed together to form a new culture
70
how has globalisation influenced cultural diffusion
it has created a more westernised global culture.
71
what is cultural diffusion
the way in which western culture has spread around the world, influencing economy and promoting capitalism and democracy
72
how has globalisation affected cultural identity
accelerated cultural diffusion meaning that a persons location may no longer be thier main source of cultural identity
73
what are three ways culture might change
- military force
- education and political persuasion
- free will
74
what role do various players have in cultural diffusion
include governments, media, and global organisations that influence how cultures spread and evolve
75
how do resorts attract tourists
resort's compete to attract tourists by using culture as a selling point. often embracing western culture traits to seem familiar to western tourists
76
what is a culture middle ground in tourism
when tourist destinations adopt western culture traits, such as western food and architecture.
77
how can tourists influence local culture
through behavior which may lead to cultural diffusion and changes in local customs
78
what role do souvenir shops play in tourism
may try to sell local culture to tourists offering products that represent the local heritage and traditions
79
how does migration affect cultural traits
migrants take thier culture traits with them often adapting to and adopting local cultures once they settle
80
what is cultural hybridism in the context of migration
migrants live in a unique blend of thier homes and host cultures creating a new cultural identity
81
what happens when large numbers of migrants enter a host culture
may alter to suit the need of migrants, leading to a diverse community with extensive cultural influence
82
what are some negative impacts of a global culture based on western values.
- increased consumption
- environmental degradation
- promotion of TNCs
83
how has western culture influenced asian diets
they now eat more processed foods and fast foods and also red meat instead of vegetables and fish
84
how has globalisation benefited the environment
can create wealth and resources for understanding and protecting the environment
85
what impacts do the Paralympic games have on perceptions of disability
helped change attitude towards disability and provides opportunities for marginalised people to be heard
86
how has media coverage influenced the Paralympic Games
raised awareness and popularity of parasports, leading to more participation and recognition of athletes
87
what is cultural erosion in the context of globalisation
loss or weakening of key parts of a specific culture often due to the emergence of a more westernised global culture
88
how do different countries vary in vulnerability to cultural erosion
some countries protect thier culture through measures like UNESCO world heritage sites, where others may see clothes and languages replaced by westernised styles and english
89
what impact has globalisation had on music
increased communication has spread various music culture but this can lead to homogenisation like the X factor and the Voice
90
how has english influenced global communications
english is the primary business language with an estimated 1.5 billion speakers, leading to its dominance in films and music
91
what impact does increased tourism and migration have on traditional clothing
being replaced by more westernised styles and fashions such as denim jeans and t-shirts
92
how has global western culture affected traditional architecture
cities are modernising thier infrastructure to attract investment from western economies
93
what do tourist attractions often build to attract people
they build facilities that cater to western tastes and requirements
94
what is often prioritised over the natural environment in the pursuit of wealth
wealth and industrial strength is often prioritised
95
how is the exploitation of natural resources veiwed in relation to global western culture
it is seen as a necessary evil to sustain global western culture
96
what concerns do some groups have about the spread of globalisation
some groups view globalisation and the spread of global western culture as an unstoppable force that poses threats to human life
97
what do proponents of globalisation believe
the positives of a global culture outweigh the negatives and work to promote globalisation
98
how do hyperglobalists view globalisation
a somewhat inevitable and unstoppable process
99
what is the perspective of transformationalists on globalisation
as the creator of changing cultural ideas and new cultural forms
100
what do global sceptics believe about global culture
there will be no such thing as one truly global culture seeing globalisation as having an unequal influence
101
what has become more common in response to the negative effects of globalisation
anti-globalisation movements have become more common as people start to feel the negative effects of globalisation
102
what is development in the context of globalisation
economic advancement in a country or region that improves people's quality of life
103
how are globalisation and development linked
thought to have an interdependent relationship the more globalised a society the more likely is it to be highly developed
104
what is the developement gap
the difference between the richest and poorest is called the development gap
105
what are single indicators in measuring development
measure just one aspect of development and allow precise comparisons of different countries
106
what are composite indicators
combine data from multiple indicators to give a single score
107
how is economic development measured
using financial and employment statistics of a country
108
what is GDP per capita
total value of goods and services produced within a countries borders in a year
109
what is GNI per capita
total value of goods and services produced by a country including overseas investments
110
why can measuring economic development be difficult
if a large percentage of its population is employed in the informal sector
111
what characteristics of developed countries in relation to globalisation
developed countries are more likely to host headquarters of transnational corporations
112
what is the approach to measuring social development
use a wider range of indicators, often employing composite indicators due to various factors
113
why are composite indicators commonly used for social development
more common in measuring social development because they encompass multiple factors
114
how does globalisation impact social development
countries that are more socially developed may have populations may have populations that have embraced benefits of globalisation
115
what is the human development index
measure overall development by combining indicators like life expectancy and education time
116
what does the gender inequality index measure
the loss to society due to gender inequality combining factors such as maternal mortality rate and birth rate
117
how do countries measure environmental development
measure different variables based on the types of natural habitats found within their borders
118
what do low scores indicate in environmental indicators
indicate minimal negative impact on the environment
119
what does a score close to 1 on the air quality index show
low levels of pollution in the air
120
what does a score close to 10 in the air quality index mean
high levels of pollution in the air
121
what impacts has globlisation had on economic inequality
created economic winners and losers leading to greater levels of inequality within countries.
122
how has globalisation affected the number of billionaires
there are increasing number of billionaires controlling large TNCs
123
what is the gini coefficient
measures inequality within a country or region
124
what trend has been seen with gini coefficient over time
become larger overtime meaning an increase in inequality
125
how has globalisation created environmental winners and losers
different countries manage environmental issues unequally giving more attention to other issues
126
why are rural dwellers considered losers in globalisation
many rural areas are switched off and suffer from increasing land degradation
127
what environmental problems are caused due to rapid urbanisation due to globalisation
can lead to air pollution and urban sprawl into natural areas
128
how has globalisation contributed to cultural mixing in societies
through migration and economic policies
129
what is the significance of diasporas in the context of globalisation
example 31.5 million people in the USA claiming irish ancestors, then celebrating st partiks day in america
130
what is ghettoisation and how does it relate to migration
refers to the clustering of migrant groups in specific areas
131
how do migrants influence the built environment
a large amount from a specific culture can change the built environment as places want to suit the new culture.
132
what role do agreements like the Schengen Agreements play in cultural mixing
allows EU workers freedom of movement, increasing the spread of culture and creating a more competitive working environment
133
how did the accession of the ascension eight countries impact migrants in Europe
after 2004 the increased countries within the EU has then led to increased migration to western europe
134
what is deregulation and how does it affect labor markets
deregulation removes government restrictions, allowing foreign companies to invest and enable local companies to hire foreign labor.
