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Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the dimensions of globalisation?

A

Flows of: capital, labour, products, services and information

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2
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process by which national and regional economies, societies, and cultures have become interconnected and integrated through the global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation.

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3
Q

What is meant by a ‘shrinking world’?

A

We are all linked together in decreasing amounts of real time, due to transport connections have improved over time places are more accessible.

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4
Q

What is meant by diaspora?

A

The dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland.

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5
Q

What are flows of Capital?

A

Usually the flow of money in the form of FDI (foreign direct investment), loans, aid.

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6
Q

What are flows of Labour?

A

Human and physical effort used to create goods or provide services.

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7
Q

What are flows of Products?

A

The tangible goods that are sent between different countries.

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8
Q

What are flows of services?

A

This is something we can’t touch and may include finance, marketing, training.

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9
Q

What are flows of information?

A

This can be as simple as an email between friends in different countries.

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10
Q

What are remittances?

A

Money sent from migrants to their original homeland

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11
Q

What is marketing?

A

The process of promoting, advertising and selling products or services.

Global marketing sees the world as 1 single marketing.

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12
Q

What is distribution?

A

Transportation of tangible goods

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13
Q

What are trade agreements?

A

Agreements aiming to stimulate trade between members and gain an advantage from co-operation.

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of trade agreements?

A
  1. Loss of sovereignty
  2. Loss of financial decision making for each member
  3. Pressure and conflicts of central legislation - food labelling
  4. Having to share resources
  5. Increased inequality
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15
Q

What are advantages of trade agreements?

A
  1. Promote cooperation and peace between countries.
  2. Improves development and economic growth
  3. Countries can compete on global scale
  4. Larger representation in world areas
  5. Simplifies trading
  6. Share technologies
  7. Countries can be specialists for certain sections of industry
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16
Q

What is meant by interdependence?

A

Mutual dependence on each other

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17
Q

What is meant by inequality?

A

Varying standard of living or socio-economic opportunities

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18
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

When a business process is contracted out to another company.

E.g. one company hires another company to manufacture products.

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19
Q

What is offshoring?

A

When a company relocates a business process to another country, but they still carry out the work themselves.

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20
Q

What is meant by trade?

A

The movement of goods and services from producers to consumers.

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21
Q

What is comparative advantage?

A

The principle that countries can benefit from specialising in the production of goods at which they are relatively more efficient or skilled.

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22
Q

What is demographic dividend?

A

A change in the population structure, where the portion of working class is larger than the non-working

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23
Q

What is a trade surplus?

A

When exports have a greater value than imports.

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24
Q

What is a trade deficit?

A

When the value of your imports is more than you earn from the value of your exports.

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25
What are commercial services trade?
Trade in services such as tourism, air transport, ICT, financial services.
26
What is merchandise trade?
Trade in goods
27
What is Foreign Direct Investment?
Investment by a TNC or a country into another country.
28
What is a TNC? (transnational corporation)
A company that operates in more than one country.
29
What are economies of scale?
The cost of advantages that result from the larger size, output or scale of an operation.
30
What are conglomerates?
A collection of different companies or organisations which all report to one parent company.
31
What are footloose industries?
They can locate anywhere and advancing technology means they can still serve the needs of customers worldwide.
32
What are tariffs?
A tax on imported goods.
33
What are subsidies?
A benefit given by the governments to groups or individuals.
34
What are the positive impacts of Globalisation?
1. Improved living standards 2. Political stability 3. Economic growth 4. Cultural integration 5. Global governance 6. Lower costs for goods 7. Higher availability of goods
35
What are the negative impacts of globalisation?
1. Environmental degradation (Deforestation & CO2 emissions) 2. Greater inequality (Growing gap between rich & poor) 3. Potential conflict (Exploitation) 4. Cultural erosion
36
What is meant by global commons?
Parts of the Earth that are not owned or managed by a single country.
37
What are the 4 global commons?
1. Space 2. Atmosphere 3. Oceans 4. Antarctica
38
What happens to global commons if nations act in their own interest?
Tragedy of the Commons - There could be depletion of resources.
39
What is the purpose of a NGO (non government organisation)?
Collect data and provide aid independently from government
40
What are the threats to Antarctica?
1. Climate change 2. Tourism 3. Fishing 4. Mining
41
Give an example of exploitation of global commons.
Fishing: 1. The more fish a country catches, the greater their profits. 2. This provides incentives for more fishing. 3. Over time this could cause the industry to collapse as fish stocks deplete.
42
What has protected Antarctica from tragedy of the commons?
Antarctic Treaty 1959, 12 countries with active scientists signed to establish peaceful zones.
43
What is tragedy of the commons?
When people who have access to a common resource act in their own interests resulting in depletion of resources.
44
What is global governance?
The collective decision making and management of issues that affect people across the world.
45
What are the limitations with Global Governance?
1. IGOs may not represent every nation 2. It can be difficult to make nations comply
46
What is the role of a TNC?
Companies that operate in multiple countries, locating their headquarters and production in different countries.
47
What is spatial organisation?
Major HQ in wealthier nation, production in poorer nation.
48
Give an example of a TNC.
Apple - China ## Footnote 1. Overworking people 2. Underpaying 3. Unhappy workplace 4. But provides incomes
49
What is a quota?
Import limit that prevents more than a set amount of a good from being imported.
50
What is meant by differential access to markets?
Nations have different ability to trade within the international market.
51
What are some potential issues with interdependence?
1. Unequal power enables some states to take advantage and influence political events. 2. Unequal flows of people and tech can cause inequalities and conflict. 3. Resource over-extraction. 4. Financial risks (financial crisis 2008)
52
What factors influence globalisation?
- Access to technology - Finance - Improved transportation (railways, planes, ships etc...) - Better security (NATO was founded after WW2) - Rise of trade agreements
53
What is containerisation?
A global shipping method which allows large volumes of goods to be transported quickly and easily in standardised containers.
54
What is a trading bloc?
A group of countries that work together to increase trade and boost economic growth. ## Footnote - Removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs or quotas
55
Explain how trade agreements are a factor in globalisation.
- Trade agreements are formed by countries joining to form a trade bloc that encourages trade between themselves. - For example the European Union. - This increases globalisation by encouraging trade, leading to increased investment from other countries. - Moreover, trade agreements can lead to people moving more freely for work. - Therefore encouraging globalisation by increasing links between countries as the economies expand.
56
How does differential access to markets impact economic development?
- Nations with greater access to markets often experience faster economic growth due to increased trade, investment and innovation. - Developing countries face limited market access, preventing them from integrating within the global trade networks, therefore restricting economic growth and development.
57
Explain how differential access to markets can impact trade agreements.
- Countries with limited market access often have less bargaining power in negotiations, leading to less favourable terms.
58
Explain how differential access to markets impacts economic well being.
- Countries with limited access to international trade often struggle to participate in global trade, leading to lower income levels compared to those with greater access. - Limited access to markets restricts business/job opportunities.
59
Explain how differential access to markets impacts economic social being.
Those with restricted market access will experience higher levels of poverty because they can't fully benefit from global trade/investment.
60
What makes TNCs so powerful?
- Large flows of FDI - Heavy influence over trade patterns - Can spread risk by having factories in many locations. - Can afford to invest in technology - Can subcontract manufacture - Comparative advantage - Economies of scale
61
What is the spatial organisation of Apple as a TNC?
- HQ in Silicon Valley, California - European HQ in Cork, Ireland - Manufacturing in Foxconn, Shenzhen.
62
What are the positives and negatives of TNCs?
+ Employment (multiplier effect) + Brings FDI to LICS and NEEs - Environmental degradation - Exploitation of workers - Closure of local businesses - Increasing inequalities - Cultural erosion
63
What is the United Nations?
- Established after WW2 - Aims to promote peace, security and cooperation among member countries. - Member states meet to discuss global issues and make recommendations - 193 member states
64
How does the UN promote growth and stability?
- Intervenes in disputes to prevent armed conflicts - Deploys forces to conflict zones - Provides relief via agencies such as UNICEF, WHO, IMF
65
Explain how the United Nations can exacerbate inequalities and injustices.
- 5 permanent members who have veto power (China, France, Russia, UK, US) - Often funded by voluntary contributions, meaning wealthier countries who contribute more will face more direct resources - The bureaucratic inefficiencies can slow response time

Human Geography (18 decks)

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