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Geography Unit 1 > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

(106 cards)

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0
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 per year in a region

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1
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of births per 1000 per year in a region

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2
Q

Economic migrant

A

Migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment

Migrants who already have jobs may be searching for better pay/more regular pay/promotion/change of career

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3
Q

Internal migration

A

Movement of people between different regions within same nation

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4
Q

Example of internal migration

A

Millions of people in poorer nations move from countryside to cities in recent decades in response to differing levels of economic opportunity

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5
Q

Intervening obstacle

A

Barrier to migrant such as a political border or physical feature (e.g. Mediterranean for North Africans heading to Europe)
Other obstacles include family pressures and travel costs

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6
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

Alternative migration destination that exists between migrants place of origin and intended destination

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7
Q

Natural increase

A

Difference between BR and DE usually converted into a percentage

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8
Q

Natural decrease

A

Higher humber of deaths than births in a year

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9
Q

Structural adjustment programmes

A

Strict conditions imposed on countries receiving loans from IMF and World Bank.
Receiving governments may be required to cut back on healthcare, education, sanitation and housing programmes

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10
Q

Elite

A

A group of people who are economically and socially powerful.

Money may be inherited or entrepreneurial in origin (e.g. Bill Gates has earned over $50b from his company Microsoft)

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11
Q

Foreign direct investment

A

A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy

  • Build new facilities e.g. Factories/shops
  • Acquire or merge with existing firm there
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12
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

Movement of population from rural to urban areas

Typically young (15-30yrs) and male dominated, although in Asian nations (esp China and Thailand) there is balance between men and women

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13
Q

Development gap

A

Difference in levels of economic and social well being between richest and poorest people on planet

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14
Q

Gross domestic product

A

Measure of financial value of goods and devices produced within a territory (including foreign firms located there).

Divided by population size to produce a per capita figure for purpose of making comparisons.

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15
Q

Human development index

A

A UN measure of economic and social development that takes Ito account income per capita, life expectancy and literacy

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16
Q

Poverty

A

Lack of wealth

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17
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Income levels below what is needed to maintain an adequate diet

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18
Q

Relative poverty

A

Income levels that are below average for a region

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19
Q

Petrodollars

A

Money derived from selling oil

Since formation of OPEC, states (e.g. Saudi Arabia, UAE inc. Dubai, Venezuela) experienced significant increases in levels of national wealth

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20
Q

Spatial division of labour

A

Common practice among large firms for moving low skilled work abroad to places where labour costs are low, where factories and call centres are established in poorer countries.
Important skilled jobs (e.g. Management/research) are retained at firm’s HQ in country of origin

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21
Q

Maquiladora

A

Branch plant in Mexico

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22
Q

Trade blocs

A

Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security to nations that join

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23
Q

Assembly industries

A

Manufacturing operations that take the products of many different industries and fit these together to make finished goods

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24
Transnational corporations
A company that has operations in more than one country
25
Branch plant
Factory built in a country by a TNC which has HQ elsewhere
26
Consumption
Purchase and use of commodities (both food and goods), services, and landscapes (if one pays to visit the landscape, therefore consuming it)
27
Glocalisation
Local sourcing of parts by TNCs in places where they assemble their global products close to markets. At the same time, they are able to customise products go meet local tastes or laws.
28
Parent company
Original business that a global TNC has developed around and whose directors still make decisions that affect the organisation as a whole
29
Example for parent company
Walt Disney company owns several television networkers, animation studios (e.g. Pixar) and 11 theme parks
30
Tertiary sector/service sector
Consists of businesses that produce no physical product. Instead, they sell the products of manufacturing/agricultural industries or offer service (e.g. Education/tourism)
31
Minimum wage
Hourly wage set by nations government that all companies must pay to their employees.
32
UK's minimum wage
More than £5/hour but most poorer countries have no such rules
33
Core
Most developed and highly populated region of country. Growth of core regions is fed by flows of labour from less well developed regions.
34
Switched on places
Nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through production and consumption o goods and services.
35
Switched off places
Places that are poorly connected
36
Wilderness
an area of planet that had remained relatively untouched by human activity and is home to only small numbers of indigenous people.
37
Examples of wildernesses
Rain forests of Amazonia and Borneo Antarctica Unpopulated regions
38
Shrinking world/time-space compression
Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach.
39
Network
Illustration or model that shows how different places are linked together
40
Nodes
Points on a network map
41
Global hub
A node that is especially well connected
42
Flows
Connections between nodes or global hubs
43
Cluster
Geographically concentrated group of connected industries and institutions inc firms/suppliers/financial backers/educational institutions/research agencies
44
Example of cluster
Central London is home to clusters of TV production companies and universities that deliver media courses
45
Cumulative causation
Model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places. Glob. Increases chances of CC as local people can find global markets for products or attract employers with their skills
46
Export processing zone
Small industrial area often on coast where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.
47
Global hub
Settlement providing focal point for activities that have global influence All megacities and world cities are global hubs Examples of smaller settlements - Cambridge whose university and science park have global reach
48
Human resources
Abilities and potential of human populations ITO educational levels, skills, languages they speak and capacity to innovate and invent. This makes humans the ultimate resource.
49
Multiplier effect
Positive spin offs that follow initial investment (e.g. Branch plant) in a region. Examples: Other firms may gain business supplying parts Increased spending power of workers stimulate service sector Higher tax revenues can be invested in education and infr
50
Natural resources
Materials found in environment that humans have the technological ability AND desire to use. These change over time as technology develops (e.g. Uranium became a fuel source after nuclear fission was first achieved)
51
Technopole
Cluster of technologically innovative businesses and research institutes
52
Example of technopoles
Silicon Valley in California Silicon Fen in Cambridge Silicon Glen in Edinburgh and Borders Seoul in South Korea
53
Trickle down
Positive impacts in peripheral regions (and poorer people) of the creation of wealth in core regions (and among richer people). E.g. Roll out of national services such as motorways schools hospitals Regional aid and assistance for start up businesses
54
Genealogy
Study of family history
55
Greying population
A pop structure in which proportion of people aged 65+ is high and rising caused by increasing life expectancy and can be further exaggerated by low birth rates
56
Age selective migration
Movement of particular age group or gender
57
Extended family
Members of family beyond core of parents and children
58
Social mobility
Movement of individuals between different levels of social hierarchy, usually measures occupationally.
59
Intergenerational mobility
Social shift between parents and their children
60
Baby boom
Brief increase in BR
61
UK baby boom
End of WW2 when returning soldiers started families Echo of his event in 1960s
62
Secularisation
General decline in significance of religious beliefs.
63
Secular society
People are more likely to be tolerant of abortion and use of contraception
64
Consumerism
Growth of way of life based around consumption in which shopping and spending money are all important
65
Displaced persons
People who are forced to move by war/famine/political persecution/natural disaster
66
Illegal immigrants
People who avoid border and immigration controls and enter a new country illegally. Many are country migrant seeking work Some may be forced as part of human trafficking to enter prostitution or other illegal activities
67
Voluntary migrants
People who move for QOL reasons, usually economic gain (economic migrants). Many move temporarily (contract workers and professionals), returning home after months or years.
68
Net migration
The balance between immigration and emigration
69
Immigration
People moving into a country
70
Emigration
People leaving a country
71
Slum (according to UN)
``` Urban settlement in which over 50% inhabitants lack one or more of following: •Durable housing •Sufficient living area •Improved water supply •Access to sanitation •Secure tenure (ownership) ```
72
Shanty towns
Areas of slum housing built from waste materials
73
Urban growth
Growth in physical size of city
74
Squatter settlements
If the inhabitants are illegal occupying land
75
Urban sprawl
When urban areas grow outwards, usually in uncontrolled way onto surrounding rural land
76
Suburbanisation
When wealthy choose to live on city edge to escape poverty/crime/congestion/pollution of city centre
77
Gated suburbs
Modern trend where walls, gates and security keep non residents out Common in Latin American and South African cities
78
Counter urbanisation
Movement of people out of cities and into rural areas (often in developing world but very rich can do too)
79
Reurbanisation
When people move back into cities May follow attempts to regenerate areas of cities that have declined
80
World city/global city
City with major economic and political power
81
Examples of world cities
``` New York (which is also a mega city) Paris (not a MC) ```
82
Externalities
Range of benefits and costs generated by economic activity that are not fully accounted for in the price and marked system of economics
83
Example of externality
Pollution is negative externality | Rising literacy is a positive externality
84
Global shift
Global scale relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries.
85
Effect of global shift
Redraws world economic map | Bright social/political/environmental changes to nations
86
Deindustrialisation
Decline of regionally important manufacturing industries | Can chatted ITO workforce numbers or output/production measures
87
Post industrial economy
Replacement of traditional manufacturing or mining employment by an employment structure focused on services and technology (Tertiary/quaternary sectors)
88
Purchasing power parity
Measure of average wealth that takes into account the cost of a typical basket of goods in a country.
89
Purchasing power parity in low income countries
Goods cost less meaning that wages go further than might be expected E.g. China's GDP per capita of around $2000/year generates a PPP closer to £7000
90
Quaternary sector
Component of a country's employment structure that includes research, information management and financial management. Quaternary activities include computing, bio research, defence industries,new media, etc.
91
Ecological footprint
Measurement of area of land or water required to provide a person/society with energy, food and resources they consume and the waste they produce
92
Food miles
The distance food travels from a farm to a consumer
93
Dependency
When a nation relies for income on outside sources and had only weak control over its own economic future
94
Ethical purchase
Financial exchange where consumer has considered social and environmental costs of production of the goods/food/services purchased
95
Gross National Income
Includes wealth generated abroad (TNCs) and debts of country as well as financial value of goods, services produced in country divided by population
96
Asylum seeker
Person who seeks to gain entry to another country by claiming to be a victim of persecution or hardship
97
Refugee (UN definition)
Someone whose reasons for moving are genuinely to do with fear of persecution or death
98
Remittances
Money sent home to family members by migrants working and living abroad
99
Repatriation
To send someone back to his or her country of birth
100
Returnees
People who return to their native country
101
Megacities
Population of 10m+ people
102
Examples of megacities
Shanghai Dhaka Tokyo (21 cities)
103
Megalopolis/urban archipelago
Cities so large (15m+) that they have more than one centre
104
Centripetal forces
Pulling cities together -> concentration of wealth, employment and services attract more to London
105
Centrifugal forces
Pulling cities part ->congestion, high costs and quality of life forces people to move out

Geography Unit 1 (2 decks)

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