Globalisation 3.4-3.6 Flashcards
What are the benefits of the global shift of manufacturing towards China
Investment in infrastructure
- 82 airports built since 200 -> 8/12 top 12 airports by freight tonnage
Reductions in poverty
- from 1981 to 2010 n. people in poverty reduced by 680 m
- over 300 m middle class
Better education
- compulsory between 6 and 15
- 7.2 m university graduates in 2014
Increase urban incomes
- now relaxed once child policy, employers pay higher wages
- UI risen by 10% since 2005
What are some of the costs of the global shift of manufacturing towards China
Loss of productive farmland
- industrialisation -> 3 m hectares of farmland polluted
- pesticides / fertilisers pollute rivers
Pollution and health problems
- caused by coal-fired power stations
- air pollution kills est 4400 each day
- 100 cities suffer water shortages
Over-exploitation of resources
- resources cannot keep up with demand to look abroad
- amazon rain forest cleared in Ecuador
- Cerrado Savannah converted to soy fields
Why has there been a global shift of outsourcing services to India
- Many Indian citizen speak English
- High broadband capacity in Bangalore due to early technological investment in the 1980s by foreign TNCs
What are some of the benefits in the global shift of outsourcing services to India
- call centre workers earn good middle class wages -> high purchasing power (relative) £40 per week
- Indian outsourcing companies become profitable (Infasys revenues $9 b in 2015)
What are some problems as a result of economic restructuring
(Dereliction and contamination)
- companies forced to close leaving industrial land abandoned
- land left contaminated from chemical waste dumping
What are some problems as a result of economic restructuring (Unemployment, depopulation, deprivation)
- population decline result in closure of traditional industries
- intercity areas become rundown
–> low housing costs means low income families move in (further deprivation)
What are urban pull factors leading to rural-urban migration
- Employment - FDI provides work > aim to offer advancement into professional roles
- Education and Healthcare
What are rural push factors leading to rural-urban migration
- Poverty aggravated by population growth
- Lack of jobs - agricultural modernisation reduces need for rural labour
- Resource scarcity results in conflict
How is rural to urban migration responsible for growth of mega cities
- migrants from overpopulated rural areas with high fertility move to large cities which become global hubs
- FDI bring in new employment opportunities to emerging economies
- Technology (roads / radio) inform people in urban areas
–> cycle continues
Rural push factors (N’Djamena)
- Harsh living conditions with drought and poverty
- Lack of water makes it hard to farm -> undernourishment
- No education or funding from the government
Urban pull factors (N’Djamena)
- Better access to water and sanitation
- More connected –> closer to buy food and foods
- More customers to buy goods
What are benefits of elite migrants from Qatar/Russia –> London
- Investment resulted in Shard, Canary Wharf, Stratford regeneration
- skilled and wealthy migrants
- 82% of london property form foreign buyers
What are challenges of elite migrants from Qatar/Russia –> London
- property price inflation makes it too expensive for native Londoners
What are the benefits of low wage migrants from India/Pakistan to UAE
- 1.75m Indians + 1.25m Pakistanis -> Make up 90% of UAE workforce
- Rapid building of infrastructure
- Cheap labour for UAE
What are the challenges of low wage migrants form India/Pakistan to UAE
- low wages ($4 per day)
- visa linked to work - risk of deportation
- unsafe work places - 964 deaths in 2014 work related
