Globalisation And Crime

Question 1

Held et al (globalisation)

Answer 1

• globalisation of crime, an increasingly interconnectedness of crime across national orde- borough spread of transnational organised crime and new offences eg cyber crime

Question 2

Castells (globalisation)

Answer 2

• now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum, including;
• arms trafficking
• trafficking of nuclear material
• smuggling of illegal immigrants
• trafficking of women and children
• sex tourism
• cyber crimes
• green crimes
• international terrorism
• smuggling of illegal goods

Question 3

Taylor (globalisation)

Answer 3

• globalisation has led to changed in the patterns and extent of crime- giving free rein to market forces
• allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries, producing job insecurity unemployment and poverty

Question 4

Rothe and Friedrichs (globalisation)

Answer 4

• examine role of international financial organisation eg IMF and world bank in crimes of globalisation
• bodies impose pro-capitalist, neoliberal economic structural adjustment programmes on poor ountries as a condition for loans they provide

Question 5

Hobbs and Dunningham (globalisation)

Answer 5

• crime organised in the way of a hub, individuals with contacts in loose-knit network forms, composed of other individuals seeking opportunities

Question 6

Glenny (globalisation)

Answer 6

• mcmafia as global organisations
• organisation emerging in Russia following fall of communism
• traces origins back to Soviet Union which concluded deregulation of global markets - Russian government deregulated most sectors of the economy except for natural resources , keeping them at Soviet prices and selling them abroad at high profit

Question 7

South (green)

Answer 7

• types of green crimes;
• primary crimes; result directly from destruction and degradation of earth’s resources eg crime concerning air pollution, deforestation, water pollution
• secondary crimes; grow out of flouting the rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters
• state violence against oppositional groups

Question 8

Walters (green)

Answer 8

• hazardous waste and organised crime
• notes the ocean floor has been a radioactive rubbish dump for decades

Question 9

Green and Ward (state)

Answer 9

• defines state crime as ‘illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies’
• includes torture, imprisonments without trial and assassination

Question 10

Mclaughlin (state)

Answer 10

• identifies four categories of state crime
• political crimes (corruption/ censorship)
• crimes by security (genocide, torture etc)
• economic crimes (violation of health and safety laws)
• social and cultural crimes (institutional racism)

Question 11

Hillyard et al (state)

Answer 11

• should replace study of crime with zemiology- study of harms whether or not they are against the law
• would create a single standard that can be applies to different states and prevents states just creating laws that justify behaviours

Question 12

Schwendinger and Schwendinger (state)

Answer 12

• human rights definitions- define crime in terms of the violation of human rights rather than the breaking of rules
• Nazi’s made it legal to persecute Jews

Question 13

Defining state crime

Answer 13

• social harms and zemiology- Hillyard et al
• labelling theory; whether an act constitutes a crime depends on social audience for the crime
• international law; law created through treaties such as the Geneva and Hague conventions on war crime
• human rights definition; Schwendinger and Schwendinger

Question 14

Explaining state crime

Answer 14

• authoritarian personality; Adorno et al- includes a willingness to obey orders of superiors without question
• crime of obedience; crimes of conformity due to wider social conditions - Kerman and Hamilton- authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation
• modernity; Bauman- social conditions included many of the features of modern society eg developed division of labour
• culture of denial; Cohen- greater effort to conceal/ justify human rights or relabel them as not being crimes

Question 15

Beck (green)

Answer 15

• global risk society; increases in productivity and technology have created new manufactured risks that can harm the environment eg global warming with greenhouse gases