Globalisation EQ3 Flashcards
Describe a traditional indicator of economic growth
GDP Per Capita -
* Make direct comparisons between countries.
- Globally understood - easy to measure.
However, doesnt value social or enviromental factors or show the distribution of wealth.
What factors does GDP not indicate that we need to account for level of development?
- Social / Cultural Factors - gender equality, access to healthcare, education, clean water.
- Enviromental Factors - Water & Air pollution, deforestation etc
- Political Factors - Human rights, freedom of speech, government stability.
- Economic Factors- Economic growth, income distribution / equality, infrastructure and Govt Spending.
Name a composite and contemporary measure of development:
- Contemporary - GINI (Income inequality).
- Composite - HDI - (Combines GDP, education, Gender equality).
What is the development gap?
The social and economic disparity between the wealthy and poor on a global and regional scale.
What is the Kuznets Curve?
As an economy first develops - income inequality increases before decreasing.
Also applicable for enviromental degradation - as a country industrialsed it peaks but then drops off again as it outsources its manufacturing to other countries.
Has there been a widening development gap?
- There is a growing wealth divide between nations.
- The poorest have got “wealthier” but there proportion of income has decreased.
- Richest 1% of the world have 43% of the wealth.
- 200 years ago richer countries were 3x richer than poor ones. Now it is over 80%.
Who are globalisations losers?
- Isolated rural populations especially in Asia and SSA.
- Workers in former industrial cities in developed countries.
- Sweatshop factory workers
- Slum dwellers
- Low skilled workers in developed countries who compete with cheaper migrant workers.
- Developing countries if they are exploited by the “Core”.
Who are globalisations winners?
- Developed countries
- Rising middle class of newly industrialised countries.
- Executive employees of TNCs in developed countries
Describe the Lorenz curve?
A graph plotted using the GINI coefficient. The Lorenz curve shows how much inequality exists in a situation.
Why does development often lead to environmental degradation?
- Economic growth requires raw materials.
- More exports / imports that release CO2 while being transported.
- People consume more energy in developed countries.
- Urban expansion destroys habitats and reduces biodiversity.
What is the link between migration and globalisation
- Open borders - EU / Trade Blocs.
- Post - colonial links.
- FDI attracting internal and international migration.
- More accessible transport links - Easy Jet
What is a diaspora?
A community of people who share a national or ethnic identity away from their homeland.
How are social tensions caused by migration?
- Loss of sovereignty
- Migrant Enclaves “eroding” culture
- Loss of industrial employment
- The rise of right wing political parties
Describe the rise of extremism in Europe:
They reject the principle of human equality, and advocate exclusionary policies towards immigrants.
They adhere to a populist anti-establishment strategy that is deeply critical of the mainstream parties if not hostile towards liberal representative democracy.
The rise of these parties is often traced to public anxiety around migrants.
How does migration work in the UK?
A five tier points system that helps classify and control immigration.
Tier 1 are migrants who invest £2m+
Tier 2 are skilled workers needed to fill specific jobs in the UK workforce.
Tier 5 is temporary workers / students
Not effective - Net immigration remains above the govt target.
What is trade protectionism?
An economics policy of limiting trade between countries through tariffs on imported goods, quotas and regulations that protect domestic firms.
Very effective at protecting infant industries. However, can spark trade wars and less variation of products for UK consumers.
What is sustainbility?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Economic, Social and Enviromental sustainability.
How can the issues created by globalisation (for instance increased meat consumption) be solved?
Education to discourage use.
Innovate the agriculture industry.
.
What is localism?
A movement that supports local production and consumption rather than relying on global trade.
