Glomerular Disease (Pathology)

Question 1

What type of cells always line capillaries?

Answer 1

Endothelial cells

Question 2

How does blood enter into the glomerulus?

Answer 2

Via the afferent arteriole

Question 3

Blood is filtered across the glomerular membrane. What happens to all proteins equal to or larger than albumin?

Answer 3

They will not be filtered but stay in the plasma

Question 4

Which type of cells are found in the middle of the glomerulus?

Answer 4

Mesangial cells

Question 5

What do mesangial cells do?

Answer 5

Support capillaries

Question 6

What happens to the filtrate after filtration?

Answer 6

Goes into Bowman’s space and then into the proximal tubule

Question 7

Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 7

Disease of the glomerulus

Question 8

Is glomerulonephritis inflammatory or non-inflammatory?

Answer 8

Can be either

Question 9

What are some cases of glomerulonephritis caused by?

Answer 9

Immunoglobulin deposition

Question 10

What are four common presentations of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 10

Haematuria
Heavy proteinuria
Slowly increasing proteinuria
Acute renal failure

Question 11

Discoloured urine can be due to what?

Answer 11

Blood in it

->obvs lots of other causes like beetroot hehe

Question 12

What are the main causes of haematuria?

Answer 12

UTI- most common
Urinary tract stone
Urinary tract tumour

Glomerulonephritis (not always)

Question 13

As previously mentioned, there can be deposition of immunoglobulin in some cases of glomerulonephritis . Give an example of an immunoglobulin that can be deposited.

Answer 13

IgA

Question 14

Which part of the glomerulus become clogged with the immunoglobulin?

Answer 14

Mesangial cells

Question 15

What effect does IgA have on mesangial cells?

Answer 15

Irritates them and causes them to proliferate and produce more matrix

Question 16

What is the prognosis like of IgA nephropathy?

Answer 16

Usually self-limiting and returns to normal but small % go onto chronic renal failure

Question 17

If there is a leak in the filtration, which protein is the first to leak through the filter?

Answer 17

Albumin

Question 18

What happens in membranous glomerulonephritis?

Answer 18

IgG is stuck in the membrane as is deposited between basal lamina and podocyte but cannot go further and is not filtered into the urine

Question 19

IgG is too big to be filtered so what happens instead?

Answer 19

IgG activates complement (C3) which punches holes in the filter

Question 20

When there is a leaky filter, albumin is filtered into the urine. What is this known as?

Answer 20

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 21

What would commonly be seen microscopically in someone with diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 21

Kimmeslestil-Wilson lesion

Question 22

What is granulomatosis with polyangitis?

Answer 22

A form of vasculitis which affects vessels in the kidneys, nose and lungs

Question 23

What can cause granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

Answer 23

ANCA

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Question 24

How do ANCAs cause granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

Answer 24

Antibodies produce tissue damage via interactions with primed neutrophils and endothelial cells