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Year 2- Urinary > Physiology of Kidney Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Physiology of Kidney Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal pH of arterial blood?

A

7.4

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2
Q

Protons can be bound to protein or acid, however, in order to contribute to pH, what must proton ions be?

A

Free

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3
Q

What are some of the sources of protons (H+) in the body?

A

Respiratory acid
Metabolic acid

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4
Q

What is a respiratory acid?

A

Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide dissolving in water

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5
Q

What does carbonic acid dissociate into?

A

Carbonates and protons

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6
Q

Why is increased carbon dioxide production in exercise normally not a problem for the body?

A

It’s compensated for by increased ventilation

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7
Q

What happens if there is impaired lung function in someone who is exercising?

A

Carbon dioxide builds up as the body cannot fully release and exhale the carbon dioxide, leading to increased respiratory acid production

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8
Q

Metabolic acids are produced via metabolism. What are the two types of metabolic acid?

A

Inorganic acids
Organic acids

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9
Q

Give an example of an inorganic metabolic acid.

A

Sulphuric and phosphoric acid due to sulphur/phosphate containing amino acids

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10
Q

Give an example of an organic metabolic acid.

A

Fatty acids, lactic acid

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11
Q

What is the major source of alkaline in the body?

A

Oxidation of organic anion such as citrate

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12
Q

Buffers?

A

Solutions which minimise changes in pH when proton ions are added or removed

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13
Q

What is the most important extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate buffer

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14
Q

What is the normal pCO2?

A

40mmHg or 5.3kPa

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15
Q

Protons do not get removed from the body, so how does it work so that these protons don’t contribute to pH thanks to buffers?

A

Bicarbonate buffers the protons and the respiratory compensation greatly increases the buffering capacity so that free protons ions are prevented from contributing to pH

->basically, just understand that protons are not removed, just buffered so they can’t contribute to pH

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16
Q

What are the two factors which are important when protecting the pH?

A

Bicarbonate
Carbon dioxide

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17
Q

How is carbon dioxide regulated?

A

Respiration

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18
Q

How is bicarbonate regulated?

A

Directly by the kidney

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19
Q

If there is a disruption to the regulation of the bicarbonate, how is this compensated for?

A

Compensated by ventilation

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20
Q

List some of the primary intracellular buffers.

A

Proteins, organic and inorganic phosphates
Haemoglobin in erythrocytes

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21
Q

What can buffering of proton ions by ICF buffers cause changes to?

A

Can cause changes in plasma electrolytes

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22
Q

What is done as compensation when transporting protons into cells to be buffered intracellularly?

A

Needs to be co-transport of chloride in red cells or potassium

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23
Q

In acidosis, there is movement of potassium out of the cells. What can this cause?

A

Hyperkalaemia, leading to depolarisation of excitable tissues, ventricular fibrillation and death

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24
Q

What else provides an additional store for buffer?

A

Bone carbonate

->very important in chronic acid loads in renal failure as can lead to wasting of bones

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25
Q

How can acidosis lead to electrolyte disturbances?

A

Has to be co-transport of potassium or chlorine which can cause disruption

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26
Q

How many millimoles of protons a day do we get from the diet?

A

50-100mmoles

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27
Q

If all these protons were free in TBW, this would dramatically reduce pH. However, as long as two organs are working, pH remains constant. Which two organs?

A

Lungs and kidneys

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28
Q

What is the purpose of buffering?

A

To give the kidneys time to excrete the proton loading

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29
Q

How does the kidney regulate bicarbonate?

A

-Reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate
-Generating new bicarbonate

->both of these processes require active proton secretion from the tubule cells into the lumen

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30
Q

Describe the mechanism in which bicarbonate can be reabsroped.

A
  1. Active proton secretion from tubule cells
  2. Coupled to passive Na reabsorption
  3. Filtered bicarbonate reacts with secreted protons to form carbonic acid
  4. Carbon dioxide is freely permeable and can enter the cell
  5. Within the cell, carbon dioxide is converted into carbonic acid in the presence if carbonic anhydrase which then dissociates to form protons and bicarbonate
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31
Q

Where does the bulk of bicarbonate reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule

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32
Q

Why is bicarbonate converted to carbon dioxide to transport over the membrane?

A

Bicarbonate is very large and charged so does not pass easily itself

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33
Q

What is the GFR per day?

A

180L per day

*GFR= glomerular filtration rate

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34
Q

What in the minimum urine pH?

A

4.5-5.0

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35
Q

What in the maximum urine pH?

A

8.0

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36
Q

What is the usual net production of protons per day in humans?

A

50-100mmoles of protons

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37
Q

What would happen if all these protons (H+) where free proton ions in the urine?

A

pH of 1…ouch!
Luckily, these protons are buffered in the urine

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38
Q

While several weak acids and bases act as buffers, give some examples of the most common in the body.

A

Dibasic phosphate
Uric acid
Creatinine

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39
Q

Describe the ‘titratable acidity’.

A

Buffer quantity and pH is measured to work out the amount of NaOH needed to titrate urine pH back to 7.4 during a 24hr urine sample

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40
Q

How does titratable acidity contribute to active proton excretion?

A

Produces new bicarbonate to compensate for the loss due to buffering and it actively excretes protons from the body

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41
Q

Titratable acidity compensates for the loss by producing new bicarbonate. What is the source of this new bicarbonate?

A

Indirectly carbon dioxide…it enters the tubule cells and combines with water to form carbonic acid, which in the presence of carbonic anhydrase dissociates into protons and new bicarbonate

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42
Q

What is the site of formation of titratable acidity?

A

Distal tubule

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43
Q

Is ammonia water or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid soluble

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44
Q

So, ammonia is lipid soluble, is ammonium?

A

No

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45
Q

How is ammonia produced?

A

Deamination of amino acids, primarily glutamine, by renal glutaminase

46
Q

How is ammonium produced?

A

Ammonia combines with protons in the tubule lumen

47
Q

Ammonium secretion allows for additional proton loss in response to chronic acid loading.
How does this work in the proximal tubule?

A

-Ammonia can cross the membrane freely so does so and combines with protons to form Ammonium.
-Ammonium is excreted

->so the protons joined with the ammonia to form ammonium and then is excreted basically so protons are lost I think

48
Q

What serves as the source of carbonic acid?

A

Carbon dioxide in the blood

49
Q

Ammonium secretion allows for additional proton loss in response to chronic acid loading.
How does this differ in the proximal tubule compared to distal?

A

In the proximal tubule, there is use of the ammonium transport using the ammonium/sodium exchanger

50
Q

The activity of renal glutaminase (the enzyme which assists in the production of ammonia) is dependant on what?

A

pH

->this makes sense lol idk why I made this card as all enzyme depend of pH duhhh

51
Q

Normally, how many millimoles of protons are lost per day as ammonium?

A

30-50mmoles

->can increase to 250mmoles/L in severe acidosis

52
Q

If there is a decrease in body pH, what occurs?

A

Acidosis

53
Q

If there is an increase in body pH, what occurs?

A

Alkalosis

54
Q

Which two categories of disorders affect the pressure of CO2 in the body?

A

Resp and renal disorders

55
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Fall in pH due to reduced ventilation causing retention of CO2

56
Q

In respiratory acidosis, does the pressure of CO2 increase or decrease?

A

Increase

57
Q

Give an example of a respiratory condition which can lead to retention of CO2 and therefore respiratory acidosis.

A

COPD

58
Q

What are some acute causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

-Drugs which depress the medullary respiratory centres e.g. barbiturates and opiates
-Obstruction to major airways

59
Q

What are some chronic causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

Lung disease e.g. bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

60
Q

How does the body try to compensate for the CO2 retention in respiratory acidosis?

A

-Increases secretion of protons and bicarbonate
-Acidic conditions also stimulate renal glutaminase

->By stimulating the renal glutaminase, this means greater production of ammonia and ammonium etc.

61
Q

Renal compensation of increasing bicarbonate protects the pH but does not correct the original disturbance. What is the only thing that restores the primary disturbance?

A

Restoration of normal ventilation

62
Q

This means in chronic respiratory acidosis, blood gas values are never normalised. Give an example of blood gas results for someone with chronic respiratory acidosis.

A

pH 7.32
PCO2= 65mmHg
Bicarbonate= 38mmoles/L (elevated)

63
Q

Lung disease patients will always have aberrant PCO2 and bicarbonate but pH can be maintained at a level compatible with life as long as what?

A

As long kidney function is not impaired

64
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

Fall in pressure of CO2 (PCO2) of respiratory origin due to increased ventilation and CO2 blow-off

65
Q

What are some acute causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Voluntary hyperventilation
Aspirin
First ascent to altitude

66
Q

What are some chronic causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Long term residence at altitude

67
Q

In order to protect pH in patients with respiratory alkalosis, what needs to happen?

A

Bicarbonate levels need to decrease

68
Q

How does the body deal with respiratory alkalosis?

A

Via bicarbonate reabsorptive mechanism

69
Q

If there is a decrease in the PCO2, what happens to the amount of proton available for secretion?

A

Less protons available

->this means less of filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed so is lost in urine

70
Q

What needs to be done to normalise the disturbance caused by respiratory alkalosis?

A

Like with respiratory acidosis, ventilation needs to be normalised

71
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

An acidosis of metabolic origin due to decrease in bicarbonate levels

72
Q

What can cause a decrease of bicarbonate, ultimately causing metabolic acidosis?

A

-Increase buffering of protons
-Direct loss of bicarbonate

73
Q

To protect the pH in metabolic acidosis, what must be done?

A

PCO2 must be decreased

->this is typically happening by ventilation

74
Q

What are the causes of metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. Increased proton production
  2. Failure to excrete the normal dietary load of protons, as in renal failure
  3. Loss of bicarbonate as in diarrhoea meaning it cannot be reabsorbed
75
Q

As mentioned, an increase in proton production can cause metabolic acidosis.
In which situations may there be an increase in proton production?

A

-Ketoacidosis of a diabetic
-Lactic acidosis

76
Q

Metabolic acidosis stimulates ventilation so PCO2 falls. What is hyperventilation?

A

Increases in the depth of breathing, rather than the rate

77
Q

The hyperventilation causing metabolic acidosis can increase to what rate?
What name is given to this?

A

30L/min compared to normal 5-6L/min
This degree of hyperventilation is known as Kussmaul breathing and is very serious

78
Q

Kussmaul breathing is an established clinical sign of which conditions?

A

Renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis

79
Q

How do the kidneys normally resolve decreased bicarbonate?

A

Restoring bicarbonate levels and getting rid of protons.

80
Q

Why can’t the bicarbonate levels be lowered by the kidneys in someone with metabolic acidosis?

A

The source of the protons is from carbonic acid, which comes from CO2.
The respiratory compensation however lowers the PCO2 to protect the pH

81
Q

How would the body respond if there is increased metabolic protons?

A

-Immediate buffering in ECF and ICF
2. Respiratory compensation within minutes
3. Renal correction of disturbances by generating new bicarbonate but takes longer to develop e.g. 4-5 days

82
Q

What happens in metabolic alkalosis?

A

Increase in bicarbonate so PCO2 rises to protect the pH

83
Q

What are some of the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  1. Proton ion loss e.g. vomiting
  2. Increased renal proton loss e.g. aldosterone excess or excess liquorice ingestion (!?)
  3. Massive blood transfusions
  4. Administration of bicarbonates

->btw liquorice has a similar affect to aldosterone apparently

84
Q

OKAYYYYY so
Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis are due to problems with which organ?

A

Lungs

85
Q

OKAYYYYY and
Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis are due to problems with which organ?

A

Kidneys

86
Q

What happens to pH in respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis?

A

pH decreases

87
Q

What happens to pH in respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis?

A

pH increases

88
Q

What happens to the proton levels in respiratory/metabolic acidosis?

A

Proton levels increase

89
Q

What happens to the proton levels in respiratory/metabolic alkalosis?

A

Proton levels decrease

90
Q

What is the primary disturbance in respiratory acidosis?

A

Increase PCO2

91
Q

What is the primary disturbance in respiratory alkalosis??

A

Decrease PCO2

92
Q

What is the primary disturbance in metabolic acidosis?

A

Decreased bicarbonate levels

93
Q

What is the primary disturbance in metabolic alkalosis?

A

Increased bicarbonate levels

94
Q

In respiratory acidosis, how is the increased PCO2 compensated for?

A

Increase in bicarbonate levels

95
Q

In respiratory alkalosis, how is the decreased PCO2 compensated for?

A

Decrease in bicarbonate levels

96
Q

In metabolic acidosis, how is the decreased bicarbonate levels compensated for?

A

Decrease in PC02

97
Q

In metabolic alkalosis, how is the increased bicarbonate levels compensated for?

A

Increase in PCO2

98
Q

In order to determine the acid-base disorder of a patient, what three things need to be measured?

A

pH
PCO2
Bicarbonate (HCO3)

99
Q

For a given increase in PCO2, what is the effect on pH in acute respiratory acidosis compared to chronic?

A

Smaller decrease in pH in chronic than acute

->this is due to mechanism to raise bicarbonate takes 4-5 days to activate ammonia production

100
Q

Severe acidosis increases risks of what?

A

Hyperkalaemia

->this is because proton ions are buffered intracellularly in exchange for potassium ions

101
Q

RECAP- what can hyperkalaemia cause?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

102
Q

How is hyperkalaemia treated?

A

Insulin and glucose combination

103
Q

In a bad case of vomiting, there would be loss of NaCl and H2O, what does this cause?

A

Hypovolaemia

104
Q

In a bad case of vomiting, there would also be loss of HCl, what does this cause?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

105
Q

How does the body react to hypovolaemia?

A

Stimulates the aldosterone mechanism involving distal tubule sodium reabsorption

106
Q

The following blood gas values were seen in a patient. Which simple Acid/Base Disturbance has he got?

pH = 7.32, [HCO-3]= 15 mM, PCO2 = 30mmHg (4kPa)

A

Metabolic acidosis

107
Q

The following blood gas values were seen in a patient. Which simple Acid/Base Disturbance has he got?

pH = 7.32, [HCO-3]= 33 mM, PCO2 = 60mmHg (8kPa)

A

Chronic respiratory acidosis

108
Q

The following blood gas values were seen in a patient. Which simple Acid/Base Disturbance has he got?

pH = 7.45, [HCO-3] = 42 mM, PCO2 = 50mmHg (6.7kPa)

A

Metabolic alkalosis

109
Q

The following blood gas values were seen in a patient. Which simple Acid/Base Disturbance has he got?

pH = 7.45, [HCO-3]= 21 mM, PCO2 = 30mmHg (4kPa)

A

Respiratory Alkalosis (acute)

110
Q

Should of asked this earlier… what is normal bicarbonate levels?

A

22-29mEq/L

111
Q

RANDOM BUT GOOD TO KNOW

A

A PATIENT WITH ELEVATED BIACRBONATE CANNOT BE IN METABOLIC ACIDOSIS SINCE BICARB IS A BASE

112
Q
A

Year 2- Urinary (22 decks)

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