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Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Visceral Pleura?

A

Membrane covering the lungs, facilitating smooth movement during respiration.

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2
Q

What is the Parietal Pleura?

A

Membrane lining the chest wall, contributing to pleural fluid dynamics.

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3
Q

What is the Bronchial Tree?

A

Hierarchical branching of airways from trachea to alveoli, optimizing gas delivery and exchange.

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4
Q

What is Foetal Circulation?

A

Unique blood flow involving the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and placenta for oxygenation.

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5
Q

What are Nasal Conchae?

A

Turbinate bones creating airflow turbulence to filter, warm, and humidify inspired air.

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6
Q

What is Lung parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue involved in gas exchange.

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7
Q

What is Xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Removal of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) via Phase I and Phase II reactions.

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8
Q

What are Cardiomyocytes?

A

Contractile heart muscle cells with intercalated discs enabling synchronized contraction.

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9
Q

What is Excitation-Contraction Coupling?

A

Process linking electrical depolarisation to calcium-mediated contraction.

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10
Q

What are the Action Potential Phases?

A

Depolarisation (Na+ influx), plateau (Ca2+ influx), and repolarisation (K+ efflux).

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11
Q

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Sequence of atrial and ventricular contraction/relaxation ensuring coordinated blood flow.

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12
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

A

Relationship where increased ventricular filling enhances contractile force and cardiac output.

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13
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A

Extracellular carbohydrate-rich layer coating cells for protection.

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14
Q

What is Dead Space?

A

Generic term that describes parts of the airway that do not participate in gas exchange.

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15
Q

What is Pulmonary ventilation?

A

The amount of air moving in and out of the lungs per minute.

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16
Q

What is Compliance?

A

The ability of an organ to distend in response to applied pressure.

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17
Q

What is Resistance?

A

The ability to oppose a change.

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18
Q

What is Capacitance?

A

Storing blood volume.

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19
Q

What is Shear rate?

A

Rate at which fluid is worked during flow.

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20
Q

What is Vasculogenesis?

A

The differentiation of precursor cells (angioblasts) into endothelial cells and the de novo formation of a vascular network.

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21
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

The growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature.

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22
Q

What does Idiopathic mean?

A

Of unknown origin.

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23
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A

Exaggerated or inappropriate immune system response - primarily to innocuous antigens.

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24
Q

What is the Compliment pathway?

A

The complement system causes the lysis of foreign and infected cells, the phagocytosis of foreign particles and cell debris, and the inflammation of surrounding tissue.

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25
What is Oedema?
Movement of fluid out of the blood stream.
26
What is Precision Medicine?
Tailoring medical treatments to individual patient profiles, including genetic, molecular, and cellular data.
27
What are Organs-on-a-Chip?
Microfluidic devices mimicking organ functions for drug testing and disease modeling.
28
What is an Electronic Nose (eNose)?
A sensor system that detects volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath for disease diagnosis.
29
What is an iKnife?
An intelligent surgical knife that identifies tissue types in real-time during surgery using molecular signatures.
30
What is 3D Printing in Medicine?
Technology used to create patient-specific models, implants, and prosthetics.
31
What is the impact of Environmental Pollution on Respiratory Diseases?
Improved air quality in developed regions is expected to lower rates of COPD and lung cancer.
32
What is the Ageing Population Impact?
The ageing population sustains the prevalence of chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
33
What are Biosensors?
Devices measuring biomarker levels for early diagnosis and monitoring.
34
What are Wearable Devices?
Tools like smartwatches that track physical activity, heart rate, and respiratory function.
35
What is Asthma?
Chronic inflammatory disease causing airway hyperreactivity, mucus hypersecretion, and variable airflow obstruction.
36
What is COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)?
Irreversible airway obstruction associated with smoking and environmental exposures.
37
What is Atherosclerosis?
Progressive narrowing of arteries due to lipid accumulation and inflammation.
38
What is Pulmonary Hypertension?
Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure causing right ventricular overload and heart failure.
39
What is Cardiovascular Homeostasis?
Regulation of blood flow, pressure, and oxygen delivery to maintain systemic balance.
40
What is Inflammatory Airway Pathology?
Structural changes in asthma and COPD, such as airway remodeling and occlusion.
41
What are Biologics in Asthma?
Targeted therapies reducing eosinophilic inflammation by blocking IL-5, IL-4, or IgE pathways.
42
What is Anaphylaxis?
Severe allergic reaction involving systemic vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and capillary leakage.
43
What is IgE (Immunoglobulin E)?
Antibody class that binds allergens, triggering mast cell degranulation.
44
What is Mast Cell Activation?
Release of mediators like histamine and leukotrienes causing inflammation and anaphylaxis symptoms.
45
What is the ABC Treatment of Anaphylaxis?
Focuses on Airway, Breathing, and Circulation, with adrenaline as first-line treatment.
46
What is the Adrenaline Mechanism?
Counteracts anaphylaxis by inducing vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and stabilizing mast cells.
47
What are Lipid Mediators?
Bioactive molecules like leukotrienes and prostaglandins driving inflammation.
48
What is Biphasic Anaphylaxis?
Recurrence of symptoms hours after initial reaction, even with treatment.
49
What is the Endothelium?
Single-cell layer lining blood vessels, regulating vascular tone, permeability, and inflammation.
50
What is Vascular Tone Regulation?
Balance of vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin-1) and vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide).
51
What is Coagulation?
Platelet and clotting factor activity preventing blood loss.
52
What is Vascular Compliance?
Vessel’s ability to stretch in response to pressure changes.
53
What is Endothelial Dysfunction?
Impaired regulation of tone, barrier function, and inflammation.
54
What is the Airway Epithelium?
Protective barrier comprising ciliated and goblet cells.
55
What are Goblet Cells?
Secrete mucins to form mucus for trapping pathogens and particles.
56
What is Mucociliary Clearance?
Mechanism combining mucus secretion and ciliary motion to expel debris.
57
What are Surfactant Proteins?
Reduce alveolar surface tension and play roles in immunity.
58
What is Epithelial Remodelling?
Structural changes in chronic respiratory diseases, including fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion.
59
What are Submucosal Glands?
Secrete mucus and antimicrobial molecules.
60
What is Cardiopulmonary Control?
Integration of heart and lung functions by the autonomic nervous system.
61
What is VO2 Max?
Maximum oxygen uptake during exercise, reflecting aerobic fitness.
62
What are Lung Function Tests?
Techniques like spirometry measuring lung volumes and airflow rates.
63
What is Ventilation-Perfusion Matching?
Coordination of airflow and blood flow for efficient gas exchange.
64
What is Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia?
Variation in heart rate synchronized with breathing phases.
65
What are Exercise Adaptations?
Improved cardiac efficiency and respiratory muscle strength with training.
66
What are Blood Flow Dynamics?
Determined by pressure gradients, resistance, and vessel compliance.
67
What is Poiseuille’s Law?
Resistance to flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius.
68
What is Compliance in vessels?
Ability of vessels to stretch in response to pressure changes.
69
What are Baroreceptors?
Pressure-sensitive receptors regulating blood pressure through autonomic feedback.
70
What is Pulse Pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, reflecting arterial compliance.
71
What is Dead Space in airways?
Non-exchanging airway regions categorized as anatomical, alveolar, or physiological.
72
How is Oxygen Transport primarily achieved?
Primarily bound to haemoglobin, with some dissolved in plasma.
73
How is Carbon Dioxide Transport achieved?
Removed as bicarbonate, dissolved gas, or carbamino compounds.
74
What is the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)?
Determines gas exchange efficiency, with mismatches causing hypoxia.
75
What is the Bohr Effect?
Enhanced oxygen unloading from haemoglobin in acidic environments.
76
What are Cardiomyocytes responsible for?
Heart muscle cells responsible for contraction and electrical conduction.
77
What does Excitation-Contraction Coupling link?
Links electrical signals to calcium-mediated contraction.
78
What are the phases of Action Potential?
Includes depolarisation (Na+ influx), plateau (Ca2+ influx), and repolarisation (K+ efflux).
79
What is the Cardiac Cycle composed of?
Sequence of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole.
80
What does the Frank-Starling Law state?
Relationship where increased ventricular filling enhances contractile force.
81
What is Ejection Fraction?
Percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole, indicating cardiac efficiency.

CTB Glossary (2 decks)

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