Glossary

Question 1

the ‘true’ animals, excludes porifera

Answer 1

eumetazoa

Question 2

a paraphyletic group containing the cnidaria and the Ctenophora
- diploblastic

Answer 2

‘coelenterates’

Question 3

animals w/ bilateral symmetery

Answer 3

bilateria

Question 4

animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth
- ‘mouth first’
- spiral cleavage
- schizocoelom

Answer 4

protostomia

Question 5

protostomes that grow by shedding their outer integument

Answer 5

ecdysozoa

Question 6

protostomes that do not grow via ecdysis

Answer 6

spiralia

Question 7

spiralians with complex jaws made of chitin

Answer 7

gnathifera

Question 8

spiralians which have both a lophophore and a trochophore larvae

Answer 8

lophotrochozoa

Question 9

animals where the blastopore becomes the anus
- ‘mouth second’
- radial cleavage
- enterocoelom

Answer 9

deuterostomia

Question 10

deuterostomes that posses a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, an end-style, pharyngeal slits and a post anal tail

Answer 10

chordata

Question 11

deuterostome group including the echinoderms and hemichordates

Answer 11

ambulacraria

Question 12

a new trait that has evolved from an ancestral species

Answer 12

apomorphy

Question 13

cells that are created when a fertilised egg divides rapidly during cleavage

Answer 13

blastomere

Question 14

the point where the blastula invaginated to create the gastrula

Answer 14

blastopore

Question 15

early stage of embryonic development, a hollow ball of cells

Answer 15

blastula

Question 16

the fluid-filled body cavity of an animal containing the organs, can be a schizocoelom or an enterocoelom

Answer 16

coelom

Question 17

having male and female reproductive systems in separate individuals
- gonochoric (synonym)

Answer 17

dioecious

Question 18

shedding the outer integument, usually as part of growth

Answer 18

ecdysis

Question 19

a coelom that develops from the wall of the embryonic gut
- found in the deuterostomia

Answer 19

enterocoelom

Question 20

early stage of embryonic development
- a two-layered or three-layered cup-shaped embryo

Answer 20

gastrula

Question 21

having male and female reproductive organs in a single individual
- may be simultaneous or sequential

Answer 21

hermaphrodite

Question 22

a ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped organ surrounding the mouth which has ciliated tentacles for food capture

Answer 22

lophophore

Question 23

an animal whose whole body is divided into segments that are similar in structure

Answer 23

metameric

Question 24

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Answer 24

monophyletic group

Question 25

flexible rod of mesodermal origins found in chordata - precursor to the vertebrae and important in neural development

Answer 25

notochord

Question 26

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

Answer 26

paraphyletic group

Question 27

a group of organisms that share similar traits but do not share a common ancestor

Answer 27

polyphyletic group

Question 28

an ancestral trait present in a particular taxon

Answer 28

plesiomorphy

Question 29

a type of sequential hermaphrodite which begins male and later becomes female

Answer 29

protandry

Question 30

a type of sequential hermaphrodite which begins female and later becomes male

Answer 30

protogyny

Question 31

developmental process where the blastomeres are arranged directly above each other

Answer 31

radial cleavage

Question 32

a coelom that develops from a split in the mesoderm - found in the protostomia

Answer 32

schizocoelom

Question 33

developmental process where the blastomeres are arranged in a spiral pattern around the embryos axis

Answer 33

spiral cleavage

Question 34

a trait present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants

Answer 34

synapomorphy

Question 35

a grouping of metameric segments into a coherently functional morphological unit

Answer 35

tagma

Question 36

a monophyletic group

Answer 36

taxon

Question 37

a planktonic larva that has a roughly spherical body with a band of cilia that allow it to move in a spinning motion

Answer 37

trochophore larva