Glossary Flashcards
(343 cards)
1
Q
the movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph
A
absorption
2
Q
the change of shape of the lens, in order to focus on objects at different distances
A
accommodation
3
Q
the part of an enzyme molecule into which its substrate fits
A
active site
4
Q
the movement of molecules and ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration
A
active transport
5
Q
a feature of an organism that helps it survive in its encironment
A
adaptation (adaptive feature)
6
Q
tissue made up of cells in which fat is stored
A
adipose tissue
7
Q
a hormone secreted by the ______ glands, which prepares the body for ‘flight or fight’
A
adrenaline
adrenal glands
8
Q
the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of nutrient molecules in the presence of oxygen
A
aerobic respiration
9
Q
any of two or more alternative forms of a gene
A
allele
10
Q
part of the digestive system; a long tube running from mouth to anus
A
alimentary canal
11
Q
an air sac in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
A
alveolus (plural: alveoli)
12
Q
molecules that can link together in a long chains to form proteins; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
A
amino acids
13
Q
fluid secreted by the ______, which supports and protects a developing fetus
A
amniotic fluid
amnion
14
Q
an enzyme which breaks down starch to maltose
A
amylase
15
Q
the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the breakdown of nutrient molecules in the absence of oxygen
A
anaerobic respiration
16
Q
the part of a stamen in which pollen is produced
A
anther
17
Q
a drug that kills bacteria in the human body, without damaging human cells
A
antibiotic
18
Q
chemicals secreted by lymphocytes, which attach to antigens andhelp to destroy them
A
antibodies
19
Q
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
A
artery
20
Q
the choice by a farmer or grower of only the ‘best’ parents to breed, generation after generation
A
artificial selection
21
Q
the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
A
asexual reproduction
22
Q
the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
A
assimilation
23
Q
valves between the atria and ventricles in the heart that prevent blood flowing from the ventricles into the atria
A
atrioventricular valves: tricuspid valves (right) bicuspid valves (left)
24
Q
a plant hormone which causes cells to elongate
A
auxin
25
a nerve fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body
axon
26
a diet containing some of each of the different types of nutrients, in a suitable quantity and proportions
balanced diet
27
a liquid made in the the liver, stored in the gall bladder and emptied into the small intestine, where it helps to emulsify fats
bile
28
a two-word Latin name for a species of organism, genus+species
biominal
29
a test for protein
biuret test
30
muscular movements which cause air to move into and out of the lungs
breathing
31
the small tubes into which the bronchi branch
bronchioles
32
one of the two tubes into which the trachea branches, carrying air into each lung
bronchus (plural: bronchi)
33
a tiny blood vessel that delivers blood to tissues
capillaries
34
an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates
carbohydrase
35
starches and sugars
carbohydrates
36
the muscle of which the heart is made
cardiac muscle
37
an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals
canivore
38
the female part of a flower
carpel
39
a solution of sugars and other substances inside the vacuole of a plant cell
cell sap
40
a polysaccharide carbohydrate which forms fibres and is found in the cell walls of plant cells
cellulose
41
the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
42
a thread-like structure of DNA, made up of a string of genes
chromosome
43
the partly-digested food, that moves from the stomach into the small intestine
chyme
44
tiny extensions on the surface of a cell, which can wave in unison and cause fluids to move
cilia
45
a ring of muscle around the lens, which can change its shape
ciliary muscle
46
a group of genetically identical organisms
clone
47
a situation in which both alleles in a heterozygote have an effect on the phenotype
codominance
48
all the organisms, of all the different species, living in an area at the same time
community
49
a light-sensitive cell in the retina, which responds to light of a particular colour
cone cell
50
an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms
consumer
51
differences in the features of a group of organisms in each individual's features can lie anywhere between two extremes
continuous variation
52
a condition in which the coronary arteries become partly blocked
coronary heart disease
53
the structure that forms in an ovary after an egg has been released; it secrets progesterone
corpus luteum
54
in a kidney, the outer layer; in a plant stem or root, a tissue made of typical plant cells (usually without chloroplasts)
cortex
55
food storage structures in ground during germination and begin to photosynthesise
cotyledons
56
the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant of the same species
cross-pollination
57
a layer of wax on a leaf
cuticle
58
jelly-like material that is found in cells
cytoplasm
59
a metabolic reaction that takes place in the liver in which amino acids is removed to form urea, followed by the release of energy from the remainder of the amino acid
deamination
60
a stage where the number in a population falls rapidly towards zero
death phase
61
an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter
decomposer
62
the desruction of large area of forest
deforestation
63
an enzyme is said to be _______when its molecule has changed shape so much that the substrate can no longer fit into it
denatured
64
bacteria that obtain their energy by converting nitrate ions into nitrogen gas
denitrifying bacteira
65
a drug that inhibits the nervous system and slows it down
depressant
66
exchange of substances through a partially permeable membrane; used in kidney faliure
dialysis
67
the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement
diffusion
68
the break-down of large, insoluble food molecules into small molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
digestion
69
having two sets of chromosomes
diploid
70
a complex sugar; a carbohydrate whose molecules are made of two sugar units
disaccharide
71
differences in the features of a group of organisms where each fits into one of a few clearly defined categories
discontinuous variation
72
the chemical which chromosomes and genes are made
DNA
73
an allele that is expressed if it is present; written in capital letter
dominant
74
a condition in which an organism shuts its metabolism down, so that it can survive in adverse condition
dormant
75
a system in which blood passes twice through the heart on one complete circuit of the body
double circulatory system
76
any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
drug
77
a unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area
ecosystem
78
unable to regulate body temperature physiologically; the organism's temperature varies with that of its environment
ecothermic
79
a part of the body that responds to a stimulus, a muscle or a gland
effector
80
the passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus
egestion
| which is different from excretion
81
a female gamete
egg
82
a young organism before birth, and before all the body organs have formed
embryo
83
breaking large globules of fat into tiny droplets, so that they mix easily with water
emulsification
84
the ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood and together make up the _______ system
endocrine glands
85
able to internally regulate body temperature; the body temperature is independent of the temperature of the environment
endothermic
86
the increase in the green house effect caused by the addition of more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
enhanced greenhouse effect
87
proteins that function as biological catalysts
enzymes
88
the outer layer of the skin
epidermis (mammals)
89
a tissue made up of a single layer of cells which covers the top and bottom of a leaf, and the outside of the stem and root
epidermis (plant)
90
removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
excretion
91
the offspring from a parent homozygous for a dominant allele and a parent homozygous for the recessive allele
F1 generation
92
the stage in population growth when numbers increase exponentially
exponential/log phase
93
the change in adaptive features of a population over time, as a result of natural selection
evolution
94
the breakdown of glucose by yeast, using anaerobic respiration; it produces carbon dioxide and alcohol
fermentation
95
the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes
fertilisation
96
a young organism before birth, once all the body organs have formed
fetus
97
an insoluble protein that forms fibres that help in blood clotting
fibrin
98
a soluble protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin when blood clots
fibrinogen
99
the stalk of a stamen
filament
100
the probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in the environment in which it is found
fitness
101
a term used to describe a cell that has lost a lot of water, becoming soft
flaccid
102
a space inside an ovary in which an egg develops
follicle
103
a chart showing the flow of energy (food) from one organism to the next beginning with a producer
food chain
104
a network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystem
food web
105
the part of the retina where cones are most tightly packed
fovea
106
an ovary of a plant after fertilisation; it contains seeds
fruit
107
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which causes the development of eggs in the ovaries
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
108
able to let most substances pass through
fully permeable
109
sex cells
gamete
110
the entry of oxygen into an organism's body, and the loss of carbondioxide
gas exchange
111
a length of DNA that is the unit of heredity and codes for a specific protein
gene
112
a change in the base sequence of DNA
gene mutation
113
taking a gene from one species and putting it into another species
genetic engineering
114
the genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present
genotype
115
a group of similar and related species
genus (plural: genera)
116
a tangle of blood capillaries in a Bowman's capsule in the kidney
glomerulus
117
a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which increases blood glucose level
glucagon
118
the polysaccharide that is used as an energy store in animal cells and fungi
glycogen
119
cells which secrete mucus
goblet cells
120
a response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravity
geotropism
121
the warming effect of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases, on the earth
greenhouse effect
122
a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
growth
123
one of two sausage-shaped cells in the epidermis in plants, between which there is a hole called a stoma; can change shape to open and close the stoma
guard cell
124
the place where an organism lives
habitat
125
having one set of chromosomes
haploid
126
a blood vessel that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver
hepatic portal vein
127
an animal that gets its energy by eating plants
herbivore
128
the scar where a seed was attached to a fruit
hilum
129
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
homeostasis
130
the two chromosomes of a pair in a diploid cell; they have genes for the same features at the same positions
homologous chromosomes
131
having two identical alleles of a particular gene
homozygous - pure-breeding
132
a chemical substance produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver
hormone
133
a plant adapted to live in wet conditions
hydrophyte
134
having too much glucose in the blood
hyperglycaemia
135
having too little glucose in the blood
hypoglycaemia
136
the movement of a young embryo into the lining of the uterus, and its attachment there
implantation
137
taking substances into the body through the mouth
ingestion
138
the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
inheritance
139
substances that are not made by living organisms
inorganic
140
a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which reduces blood glucose level
insulin
141
muscles between the ribs, which help to produce breathing movements
intercostal muscles
142
an action taken automatically, without conscious thought
involuntary action
143
the coloured part of the eye, which controls the amount of light allowed through to the lens and retina
iris
144
groups of cells in the pancreas which secrete insulin and glucagon
islets of Langerhans
145
a series of questions whose answers lead you to the identificaton of an organism
key
146
one of the five large groups into which all living organisms are classified
kingdom
147
a deficiency disease caused by lake of protein in the diet
kwashiorkor
148
production of milk by mammary glands
lactation
149
the early stage of population growth, when numbers scarcely change
lag phase
150
the main part of a leaf
lamina
151
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which cause an egg to be released from an ovary
LH - luteinising hormone
152
a tough, waterproof material that makes up the walls of xylem vessels; wood is mostly made of this
lignin
153
something present int eh environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes
limiting factor
154
an enzyme that digests fats/lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
lipase
155
fats, oils and waxes
lipids
156
the fluid found inside lymph vessels, formed from tissue fluid
lymph
157
organs in which large numbers of white blood cells, which can destroy bacteria or toxins, collect
lymph nodes
158
an enzyme that breaks down maltose to glucose
maltase
159
a disaccharide produced by the digestion of starch
maltose
160
the central area in kidney
medulla
161
reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid
meiosis
162
the loss of the uterus lining through the vagina
menstruation
163
the tissues in the centre of a leaf, where photosynthesis takes place
mesophyll (palisade+spongy)
164
the chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism
metabolic reactions
165
a tiny hole in the testa of a seed
micropyle
166
an inorganic ion required in small quantities by living organisms
mineral
167
organelles in which aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for use by the cell
mitochondira
168
nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the chromosome number is maintained by the exact duplication of chromosomes
mitosis
169
a large area of the smae crop plant
monoculture
170
a simple sugar; a carbohydrate whose molecules are made of one sugar unit
monosaccharide
171
an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
movement
172
a substance that causes mutations
mutagen
173
a change in a gene or a chromosome
mutation
174
a fatty substance surrounding the axons of many neurones, enabling the nerve impulse to travel faster
myelin sheath
175
the greater chance of passing on of genes by the best-adapted organims
natural selection
176
a gland producing a sugary fluid, found in may insect- or bird-pollinated flowers
nectary
177
a mechanism used in homeostasis, in which a change in a parameter brings about actions that push it back towards normal
negative feedback
178
one of the thousands of tiny tubules in a kidney, in which urine is produced
nephron
179
a bundle of axons or dendrons belonging to many different neurones
nerve
180
an electrical signal that sweeps along a neurone
nerve impulse
181
a nerve cell; a cell specialised for the rapid transfer of electrical impulses
neurone
182
an addictive drug found in tobacco smoke
nicotine
183
bacteria that obtain their energy by converting ammonia or nitrite ions to nitrate ions
nitrifying bacteria
184
changing unreactive nitrogen gas into a more reactive nitrogen compound such as nitrate or ammonia
nitrogen fixation
185
excretory products containing nitrogen
nitrogenous waste
186
not able to be broken down by microorganisms
non-biodegradable
187
a curve in which the largest number occurs near the midpoint, with approximately equal quantities on either side of this point and a gradual decrease towards the extremes
normal distribution
188
a large organelle in which chromosomes are found
nucleus
189
the part of the alimentary canal along which food travels from the mouth to the stomack
oesophagus
190
the temperature at whcih something happens most rapidly
optimum temperature
191
a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
organ
192
a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
organ system
193
a structure within a cell
organelle
194
a term used to describe substances that have been made by living organisms, or whose molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
organic
195
a living thing
organism
196
the diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane
osmosis
197
an organ in which female gametes are made
ovary
198
the tube leading from an ovary to the uterus
oviduct
199
the release of an egg from an ovary
ovulation
200
a structure in the ovary of a flower which contains a female gamete
ovule
201
the extra oxygen that must be taken in by the body following strenuous exercise, when anaerobic respiration took place; the oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid that accumulated as a result of anaerobic respiration
oxygen debt
202
blood containing a lot of oxygen; in humans, blood becomes _________ in the lungs
oxygenated blood
| oxygenated
203
the upper mesophyll layer in a leaf, made up of rectangular cells containing many chloroplast
palisade layer
204
an organ lying close to the stomach, which is both an endocrine gland (producing insulin and glucagon) and an exocrine gland (producing ______ juice)
pancreas
205
the liquid secreted into the pancreatic duct by the pancreas; it flows into the duodenum where its enzymes help with digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates
pancreatic juice
206
allowing some molecules to pass through, but not others
partially permeable
207
a disease-causing organism
pathogen
208
in kidney the part from which the ureter emerges
pelvis
209
an antibiotic which destroys bacteria by damaging into cellwalls
penicillin
210
a protease enzyme found in the stomach
pepsin
211
all the nerves and receptors in the body, not including the brain or spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
212
rhythmic contractions of muscles that ripple along a tube
peristalsis
213
a leaf stalk
petiole
214
white blood cells that surround, engulf an digest pathogens
phagocytes
215
the physical or other features of an organism due to both its genotype and its enviroment
phenotype
216
long tubes made up of living cells with perforated end walls, which transport sucrose and other substances in plants
phloem tubes
217
the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
photosynthesis
218
a response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction from which light is coming
phototropism
219
in mammals, an organ made up of tissues of both the mother and embryo, through which the mother's nutrient and embryo's bodies exchange nutrients and waste materials
placenta
220
a sticky film, containing bacteria, that builds up on teeth
plaque
221
the liquid part of blood, in which the cells float
plasma
222
the condition of a plant cell that has lost so much water that its cytoplasm shrinks and pulls the cell membrane away from the cell wall
plasmolysed
223
tiny fragments of cells found in blood, which help with clotting
platelets
224
the young shoot in an embryo plant
plumule
225
tough, resistant structures containing the male gametes of a flower
pollen grains
226
the transfer of pollen from the male part of the flower (anther of stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma)
pollination
227
a carbohydrate whose molecules are made of hundreds of sugar units linked in long chains
polysaccharide
228
a group of organisms of one species living in the same area at the same time
population
229
an animal that kills and eats other animals
predator
230
herbivores
primary consumers
231
the process resulting from natural selection, by which population become more suited to their environment over many generation
process of adaptation
232
an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
producer
233
the pregnancy hormone; a hormone secreted by the corpum luteum and the placenta which maintains the lining of the uterus
progesterone
234
a gland close to a male's bladder, that secretes fluid in which sperm can swim
prostate gland
235
an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of protein
protease
236
the stage of development during which sexual maturity is reached
puberty
237
relating to the lung
plumonary
238
a sideways-on graph, in which the size of the boxes represents the dry mass of organisms in each trophic level of a food chain
pyramid of biomass
239
a sideways-on graph, in which the size of the boxes represents the number of organisms in each trophic level of a food chain
pyramid of numbers
240
the young root in an embryo plant
radicle
241
a cell that is able to detect changes in the environment;often part of a sense organ
receptor
242
an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene prosent
recessive
243
a sugar that turns Benedict's solution brick red when heated
reducing sugar
244
a fast automatic response to a stimulus
reflex action
245
the arrangement of neurones along which an impulse passes during a reflex action
reflex arc
246
relating to the kdneys
renal
247
tiny organelles where protein synthesis taken place
ribosome
248
a light-sensitive cell in the retina, that responds to dim light
rod cell
249
a tough protective covering over the tip of a root
root cap
250
carnivores that eat herbivores
secondary consumers
251
an ovule after fertilisation; it contains an embryo plant
seed
252
an environmental factor that causes organisms with certain characteristics to have a better chance of survival than others
selectionpressure
253
the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma on the same plant, not necessarily the same flower
self-pollination
254
a mixture of sperm and fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles
semen
255
glands that secrete fluid in which sperm can swim
seminal vesicles
256
groups of receptor cells, responding to specific stimuli; light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals
sense organs
257
the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment/stimuli and to make appropriate responses
sensitivity
258
an infection that is transmitted via bodily fluids through sexual contact
sexually-transmitted infection
259
the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
sexual reproduction
260
a condition caused by a codominant allele of the gene that codes for haemoglobin, in which a person has two copies of the gene and suffers serious health problems
sickle cell anaemia
261
a monosacharide; a carbohydrate whose molecules are made of one sugar unit
simple sugar
262
a place to which substances are transported in phloem
sink
263
aliquid in which another substance is dissolved
solvent
264
a place from which substances are transported in phloem
source
265
a group of organisms with similar characteristics, which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring
species
266
the number of different species living in a habitat
species diversity
267
a male gamete
sperm
268
a muscle surrounding a tube which can contract to close the tube
sphincter muscle
269
the tissue beneath the palisade layer in a leaf; it is made up of cells that contain chloroplasts and can photosynthesise, with many air spaces between them
spongy layer
270
the male parts of a flower
stamen
271
the polysaccharide that is used s an energy store in plant cells
starch
272
a stage when the numbers in a population remain approximately constant
stationary phase
273
a swollen part of a stem, which stores food
stem tuber
274
the part of a flower that receives pollen
stigma
275
a drug that makes the nervous system work faster
stimulant
276
a change in an organism's surroundings that can be detected by its sense organs
stiulus
277
a gap between two guard cells, usually in the epidermis on the lower surface of a leaf
stoma
278
the connection between the stigma and ovary of a flower
style
279
the substance on which an enzyme acts
substrate
280
a carbohydrase found in the small intestine, which breaks down sucrose to glucose and frustose
sucrase
281
a disaccharide, non-reducing sugar, made of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule linked together; the form in which carbohydrates are transported in the phloem of plants
sucrose
282
a ring of ligaments linking the ciliary muscles to the lens
suspensory ligaments
283
one which can be removed from the environment without it running out
sustainable resource
284
providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment
sustainable development
285
an organ that is affected by a hormone
target organ
286
strong inelastic cords of tissue, which attach muscles to bones; they are also found in the heart, where they attach the atrioventricular valves in the wall of the ventricle
tendons
287
breeding an offspring with the dominant phenotype with an organism with the recessive phenotype, the offspring of the cross can help to determine the genotype of the parent with the dominant phenotype
test cross
288
an organ in which sperm are made
testis (plural: testes)
289
a hormone secreted by the testes, which causes male characteristics
testosterone
290
a group of cells with similar structure, working together to perform a shared function
tissue
291
the fluid that surrounds all the cells in the body, formed from blood plasma that leaks out of capillaries
tissue luid
292
a poisonous substance
toxin
293
the tube that carries air from the nose and mouth down to the lungs
trachea
294
the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem, from regions of production to regions of storage or utilisation in respiration or growth
translocation
295
evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomata
transpiration
296
the pathway of water from the root hairs of a plant, up the root and stem and out of the leaves into the atmosphere
transpiration stream
297
the position of an organism in a food chain, food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers of energy
trophic level
298
a plant growth response to a stimulus, in which the direction of growth is related to the direction of the stimulus
tropism
299
a term used to describe a plant cell that has absorbed water and has cytoplasm that is pressing outwards on the cell wall
turgid
300
a condition in which the pancreas is unable to make insulin
type 1 diabetes
301
an organ linking an embryo to the placenta, containing blood vessels (two arteries, one vein)
umbilical cord
302
make of one cell
unicellular
303
the main nitrogenous excretory product of mammals, produced in the liver from excess
urea
304
a tube that leads from a kidney to the bladder
ureter
305
a tube that leads from the bladder to the outside
urethra
306
a solution of urea and other excretory products in water, produced by the kidneys
urine
307
differences between individuals of the same species
variation
308
a vein in a plant containing exylem vessels and phloem tubes
vascular bundle
309
narrowing of blood vessels
vasoconstriction
310
widening of blood vessels
vasodilation
311
a blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart
vein
312
a very small vacuole (space inside a cell)
vesicle
313
a tiny finger-like process in the inner wall of the small intestine; _____ increase the surface area for digestion and absorption
villus (plural: villi)
314
an action taken as the result of a conscious decision
voluntary action
315
a measure of the tendency for water to move out of a solution; the more water in the solution, the greater its ________
water potiential
316
a plant adapted to live in dry conditions
xerophyte
317
the diploid cell produced when two gametes fuse
zygote
318
chisel shaped, for biting off pieces of food
incisors
319
very similar to incisors in humans
canines
320
have wide surfaces for grinding food
premolars
321
like premolars, are used for grinding
molars
322
Animal with a back bone
Vertebrates
323
Vertebrates with scaly skin, have gills and fins
Fish
324
Vertebrates with moist, scale-less skin. Have eggs laid in water, larva lives in water. Adult often lives on land. Larva has gills, adult has lungs
Amphibians
325
Vertebrates with scaly skin, lay eggs with rubbery shells
Reptiles
326
Vertebrates with feathers. Forelimbs have become wings. Lay eggs with hard shell. Endothermic. Have a beak. Heart has four chambers
Birds
327
Vertebrates with hair. Have a placenta. Young feed on milk from mammary glands. Endothermic. Have a diaphragm. Heart has four chambers. Have different types of teeth
Mammals
328
Have several Paris of jointed legs. No backbone. Have exoskeleton
Arthropods
329
Arthropods with more than four pairs of jointed legs. Not millipedes or centipedes. Breathe through gills
Crustaceans
330
Arthropods with four pairs of jointed legs. Breathe through gills called book lungs
Arachnids
331
Arthropods with three pairs of jointed legs. Two pairs of wings (one or both may be vestigial). Breath through tracheae. Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
Insects
332
Body consists of many segments. Each segment has jointed legs
Myrlapods
333
Have roots, stems and leaves. Have xylem and phloem. Reproduce by producing seeds. Seeds produced inside ovary, inside flower
Flowering plants
334
Have strap-shaped leaves with parallel veins. Have one cotyledon inside each seed. Number of petals in the multiples of 3
Monocotyledonous
335
Have leaves which can be board and have a network of branched veins. Have two cotyledons. Petals number multiples of 4 or 5
Dicotyledonous
336
Animals with bodies made up of ring-like segments
Annelids
337
Animals with soft, unsegmented bodies. May have a shell.
Molluscs
338
Animals with long, thin, unsegmented bodies
Nematodes
339
Pain in joint and muscles, bleeding from gums and under skin (sailers)
Scurvy
340
Soft bones that deformed (bow legs) (children in industrial area)
Rickets
341
Not enough red blood cells, tissue not enough oxygen
Anaemia
342
Caused by eating unbalanced diet
Malnutrition
343
Lake of protein, when children stopped breast milk (9 months~2 years). Underweight. Swollen abdomen.
Kwashiorkor
