Glossary Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
spontaneous generation
A
living organisms arise from non living matter
2
Q
louis pasteur
A
microorganisms are carried in the air and the root of disease
3
Q
Semmolweis
A
found doctors transferred invisible agent
lead to hand washing and sterilisation
4
Q
germ theory
A
microorganisms cause some/all disease
5
Q
selective toxicity
A
‘magic bullet’
molecule kills pathogens but doesn’t harm human cells
6
Q
pathogen
A
organism that causes disease
7
Q
pathogenicity
A
ability to cause disease
8
Q
virulence
A
degree of pathogenicity
9
Q
epidemology
A
study of determinants, occurance and spread of disease
10
Q
non specific defenses
A
not directed at particular organisms
11
Q
specific defenses
A
mediated by hosts immune system and directed at particular organisms
humoral
cell-mediated
12
Q
phagocytosis
A
defence mechanism where bacteria and viruses are ingested by scavaging cells
13
Q
neutrophils
A
phagocytes
contain antimicrobial compounds
14
Q
macrophages
A
initate inflammatory response
antibacterial when active
15
Q
complement proteins
A
complex of blood proteins produced in cascade
enhances phagocytosis
16
Q
opsonins
A
antibodies and complement proteins that enhance phagocytosis by opsonisation
17
Q
peptidoglycan
A
thick rigid layer composed of overlapping lattice of two sugars crosslinked by peptide bridges
18
Q
tetrapide
A
always attached to NAM sugar in peptidoglycan
contains both D and L amino acids=weird
19
Q
nucleoid
A
structure containing a single chromosome
20
Q
DNA gyrase
A
packs DNA into cells via supercoiling
21
Q
spores
A
endospores are dormant survival structures in G+ cells
22
Q
capsules
A
determinants of virulence made from polysacchardide slime
23
Q
pili
A
protein tubes in G- bacteria
have pilus and lectin components
24
Q
virulence factors
A
influence ability to cause disease- promote colonisation and harm host
25
endotoxins and exotoxins
virulence factors that damage host
| endotoxins are called LPS
26
adhesions
proteins in bacterial cell wall
| allows intimate binding to host cells
27
invasins
proteins in bacterial cell wall that allow penetration of host cell
28
flagella
enable motility
29
IgG
stick antigens to phagocytes
30
A-B toxins
interfere with host cell function by ADP-ribosylaytion
31
teichoic acid
found in G+ cell wall
32
protozoans
unicellular eukaryotes
| motile stage
33
trophozoite
active growing stage of parasite
34
sporozoite
motile infectious stage of parasite
35
DALY
disability adjusted life year
36
YLL
sum of years life lost due to premature mortality
37
YLD
years lost due to disability
38
NTDs
neglected tropical disease
39
endosymbiosis
process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts developed by engulfment
40
didinium
carnivorous protozoan
41
dictysostelium
the slime mould
42
the 3 Rs
reduce
refine
replace
43
phospholipid head group
choline
phosphate
glycerol
44
phosphoglycerides head groups
ethanolamine
serine
choline
45
sphingomyelin
18 carbon sphingosine molecule
| 50-60% lipid mass
46
beta barrel/sheets
multipath transmembrane protien
47
glycophorin a
single pathway alpha helical transmembrane protein
48
bacteriorhodopsin
multipathway alpha helical transmembrane protein
49
translocon
channel to insert poypeptide into ER lumen
50
chaperons
family of HSC70
51
set 62/63 complex
closely associated with translocon
| binding on post translational translocation
52
n linked glycosylation
proteins glycocylated on specific argenine residues
53
COP1
coating covering vesicles moving to the ER
54
COPII
coating covering vesicles moving away from ER
55
vestibular tubular cluster
where vesicles from ER meet cis Golgi network
56
di acidic amino acids
ER exit signal
57
di hydrophobic
ER exit signal
58
KDEl sequence
recycling system component for ER ang Golgi complex
59
glycosylation
determines cellular location
60
sphingomyelin
phospholipid formed from precursor ceramide
61
glycolipids
formed from precursor ceramide
62
cermaide
composed of:
sphingocine
fatty acid
63
dynamic instability
microtubules continually grow and then shrink back rapidly
64
anoxeme
conserved in evolution
65
tetramer
rope like structure
66
occluding junctions
seal cells of epithelium
67
claudins and occludins
in tight junctions
68
anchoring junctons
mechanically attach cells to other cells or matrix
69
cadherins
cell-cell transmembrane proteins in adheres junctions and desmosomes
70
integrins
cell-matrix transmembrane proteins in focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes
71
plectin
anchoring proteins in hemidesmosomes
72
communicating junctions
mediate passage of chemical or electrical signals between interacting cells
73
connexins
form gap junctions
| made from 6 connexon proteins
74
plasmodesmata
plants junction
75
leukaemia
links nucleus to human disease
76
CAG triplet disease
links nucleus to human disease
77
laminopathies
links nucleus to human diseases
78
spinal muscular atrophy
links nucleus to human diseases
79
fibrillar centre
site in nucleoulus for genes encoding RNA
80
dense fibrillar component
site of rRNA processing in the nucleolus
81
granular component
site of assembly of ribosomes subunits in nucleolus
82
PLM bodies
transcription regulation
83
cleavage bodies
formation of 3' end of DNA
84
cajal bodies
synthesis of snRNP splicing factors
85
karyopherins
importins and exportins
| having binding sites for FG repeats
86
ranGTP/ranGDP
ras-related nuclear protein
| controls transport direction across nuclear pore complex
87
ranGAP
ran GTP-ase activating protein
| in the cytoplasm
88
ranGEF
ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor
| attached to chromatin
89
FG repeats
found on nuclear pore proteins
90
s-phase
period during which chromosome are replicated
91
m-phase
mitosis
92
sister chromatid cohesion
holds chromatids together
93
biochemical switches
ordered to ensure stages occur in the correct order
94
checkpoints
ensure later events do not occur until previous stages are satisfactpry
95
conditional lethal mutants
inactivate genes without killing cell
96
catalytic subunit
protein kinase CDK
| present at constant level through cell cycle
97
regulatory subunit
cyclins not at constant level in cell cycle
98
GI/S cyclins
activate cdks in late G1
| called 'start'
99
s-phase cyclins
interact with cdks just after start
100
m-phase cyclins
activate cdks driving entry to mitosis
101
CAK enzyme
phosphorylates serine or threonine in t-loop of CDK
102
Wee 1 protein kinase
phosphorylates CDK1
103
Cdc25 phosphoprotein phosphatase
removes phosphates to relieve inhibition
104
p27 CKI
inactivates CDK-cyclin complexes
105
CKI
CDK-inhibitor proteins
106
APC/C
ubiquitin ligase that intiates degradation by proteosome
107
lys48
joins ubiquitin ligase chains
108
Cdc20
activates APC/C mid mitosis
109
Cdh1
activates APC/C in ealry G1
110
securin
ubiquitin ligase
111
separase
protease that cleaves cohesion
112
Sld2 and Sld3
S-CDK phosphorylates these
| to facilitate assembly of CMG complex
113
CMG complex
replicative helicasee
114
DDK
protein kinase
| required to gully activate CMG complex
115
M-CDK
phosphorylates condensin subunits for chromosome condensation
116
post synaptic density
PSD
| connecting membrane contains a large amount of protein
117
lamellipodia
flattened at tip into a thin fan shaped sheet
118
filopodia
very many spikes radiating forward
119
acetylcholinesterase
ach molcules hydrolysed
120
myasthenia gravia
lack of functional ach receptors
| --> no action potentials
121
protoplasmic
astrocytes in grey matter
122
fibrous
astrocytes in white matter
123
MHC1 and MHC2
produces by microglia
| antigen presenting cells to t cells
124
mesaxon
on axon
| processes wrapped around axon in myelination
125
differentiation
process by which cells undergo overtly specialised cell type
126
specification
if you can isolate cells and tissues and they still form what they were meant ot
127
induction
process by which one region interacts with a second region to influence seond region
128
determination
progressive restriction in developmental potential of different cell types
129
competence
cells may be competent to receive signals only for a short time
130
regulative developemt
each blastomere capable of producing single embryos
131
mosaic development
blastomeres incomplete and development is arrested
132
assymetric inheritance
uneven distribution in cell separation
133
morphogen
signalling molecule acts directly on cells to produce specific response
134
lateral inhibition
act as signalling ventres for further patterning
135
notch signalling
transient asymmetry is enough
136
ascidians
models for development
| urochordates
137
eph/ephrin
niche that is specialised microenvornment in intestinal crypt
138
beta-catenin
multi functional and adhesion is wnt signalling
