Glossary Chapter 2

Question 1

the new cell formed by the
process of fertilization.

Answer 1

zygote

Question 2

the basic units of genetic
information.

Answer 2

genes

Question 3

the substance that genes are
composed of that determines the
nature of every cell in the body
and how it will function.

Answer 3

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
molecules

Question 4

rod-shaped portions of DNA that
are organized in 23 pairs.

Answer 4

chromosomes

Question 5

twins who are genetically identical.

Answer 5

monozygotic twins

Question 6

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time.

Answer 6

dizygotic twins

Question 7

the one trait that is expressed
when two competing traits are
present.

Answer 7

dominant trait

Question 8

a trait within an organism that is
present, but is not expressed.

Answer 8

recessive trait

Question 9

the underlying combination of
genetic material present (but not
outwardly visible) in an organism.

Answer 9

genotype

Question 10

an observable trait; the trait that is
actually seen.

Answer 10

phenotype

Question 11

inheriting from parents similar
genes for a given trait.

Answer 11

homozygous

Question 12

inheriting from parents different
forms of a gene for a given trait.

Answer 12

heterozygous

Question 13

genes that are considered
recessive and located only on
the X chromosome.

Answer 13

X-linked genes

Question 14

the study of the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics.

Answer 14

behavioral genetics

Question 15

a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the twenty-first pair; once referred to as mongolism.

Answer 15

Down syndrome

Question 16

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation.

Answer 16

fragile X syndrome

Question 17

a blood disorder that gets its name
from the shape of the red blood
cells in those who have it (bulan sabit).

Answer 17

sickle-cell anemia

Question 18

a disorder that produces blindness
and muscle degeneration prior to
death; there is no treatment (nyerang nervous system)

Answer 18

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 19

a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and
enlarged breasts.

Answer 19

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Question 20

the discipline that focuses on
helping people deal with issues
relating to inherited disorders.

Answer 20

genetic counseling

Question 21

a process in which high-frequency
sound waves scan the mother’s
womb to produce an image of
the unborn baby, whose size and
shape can then be assessed.

Answer 21

ultrasound sonography

Question 22

a test used to find genetic defects
that involves taking samples of
hair-like material that surrounds
the embryo.

Answer 22

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 23

the process of identifying genetic
defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn
fetus.

Answer 23

amniocentesis

Question 24

patterns of arousal and
emotionality that represent
consistent and enduring
characteristics in an individual.

Answer 24

temperament

Question 25

the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed

Answer 25

multifactorial transmission

Question 26

the first—and shortest—stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception (nempel di dinding uterus)

Answer 26

germinal stage

Question 27

a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord.

Answer 27

placenta

Question 28

the period from two to eight weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems.

Answer 28

embryonic stage

Question 29

the stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception, and continues until birth.

Answer 29

fetal stage/fetus:anak yg sedang berkembang

Question 30

the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant.

Answer 30

infertility

Question 31

a process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician.

Answer 31

artificial insemination

Question 32

a procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory

Answer 32

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Question 33

an environmental agent that produces a birth defect.

Answer 33

teratogen

Question 34

a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child.

Answer 34

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 35

a condition in which children display some, though not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.

Answer 35

fetal alcohol effects (FAE)