Gluteal Region

Question 1

What are the major functions of the lower limb?

Answer 1

Support our body weight, maintain equilibrium, allow locomotion

Question 2

What are the four major parts of the lower limb?

Answer 2

Hip/gluteal region (from iliac crest to thigh), Thigh (from hip to knee), leg (knee to ankle), foot (from ankle and on)

Question 3

Describe the major function of deep fascia

Answer 3

Separates muscles from one another, especially strong in lower limb and invests limb like an elastic stocking.

Prevents buldging of muscles during contraction (allows contraction to be more efficient pumping blood toward the heart)

Question 4

What type of tissue does deep fascia consist of?

Answer 4

dense connective tissue

Question 5

Superficial fascia consist of what type of tissue?

Answer 5

loose connective tissue

Question 6

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

Answer 6

fascia lata

Question 7

Describe the iliotibial tract

Answer 7

deep fascia lata thickened laterally and strengthened by additional longitudinal fibers

Question 8

The fascia lata is continuous with the deep fascia of the leg which is called?

Answer 8

crural fascia

Question 9

Identify the structure

Answer 9

iliotibial tract of fascia lata

Question 10

Identify the structure

Answer 10

Saphenous opening, a defect in the deep fascia that allows passage of the great saphenous vein

Question 11

Identify the vein

Answer 11

Great saphenous vein

Question 12

describe the function of valves

Answer 12

cuplike flaps of endothelium that fill from above

when full they occlude lumen of vein and prevent reflux of blood distally

Question 13

Identify the vein

Answer 13

great saphenous vein

Question 14

identify the vein

Answer 14

small saphenous vein

Question 15

describe characteristics of the superficial veins of the lower limb

Answer 15

consists of greater and small saphenous veins

lie within subcutaneous fascia, less numerous valves

Question 16

list the drainage of blood through the great saphenous vein from the foot to the femoral vein

Answer 16

union of dorsal vein of great toe and dorsal venous arch of foot -> ascends medially -> passes posterior to the medial condyle of femur -> eneter saphenous opening (defect in fascia lata) -> empties into femoral vein

Question 17

describe characteristics of the great saphenous vein

Answer 17

anastamoses freely with small saphenous vein

consists of 10-12 valves (more numerous in leg than thigh)

valves allow blood to move towards heart (against gravity)

Question 18

state the drainage of the small saphenous vein from the foot to the knee

Answer 18

union of dorsal vein of little toe and dorsal venous arch of foot -> ascends posteriorly -> penetrates deep fascia -> empties into popliteal vein

Question 19

blood is continuously shunted to deep veins via

Answer 19

perforating veins

Question 20

describe characteristics of perforating veins

Answer 20

contain valves and arranged in oblique angle within muscle so only allows blood to flow from superficial to deep veins

Question 21

whay is the venous blood flow important?

Answer 21

enables contractions to propel blood to heart against gravity

Question 22

Where are deep veins?

Answer 22

deep to deep fascia

contained in vascular sheath with artery

Question 23

What is the significance of having deep veins in vascular sheath with artery?

Answer 23

arterial pulsationshelp to compress and move blood in veins

Question 24

Characteristics of deep veins of the lower limb?

Answer 24

have more valves, accompany all major arteries

Question 25

superficial lymphatics of the lower limb accompany what

Answer 25

great saphenous and small saphenous veins

Question 26

The superficial lymphatics that accompany the great saphenous vein drain into

Answer 26

superficial inguinal lymph nodes (most drain into external iliac and some drain into deep inguinal nodes)

Question 27

The superficial lymphatics that accompany the small saphenous vein drain into

Answer 27

popliteal nodes

Question 28

Deep lymphatics accompany?

Answer 28

deep veins

Question 29

Where are deep lymphatics located and where do they drain?

Answer 29

lie under deep fascia; medial to femoral vein, eventually drains into deep inguinal lymph nodes followed by external iliac lymph nodes

Question 30

Identify the lymph nodes

Answer 30

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 31

Identify the lymph nodes

Answer 31

popliteal nodes

Question 32

Identify the lymph nodes

Answer 32

external iliac nodes

Question 33

Identify the lymph nodes

Answer 33

deep inguinal lymph nodes

Question 34

Name the location, origin, and innervation of cutaneous nerves

Answer 34

Lie in suprficial fascia mainly from lumbar and sacral plexuses supply skin

Question 35

Describe peripheral nerves

Answer 35

contain cutaneous branches from more than 1 spinal segment (more than 1 spinal nerve)

Question 36

Describe dermatomes

Answer 36

an area of skin that is supplied by all cutaneous branches of 1 spinal nerve ( 1 spinal segment)

Question 37

Buttocks are separated by what deep grove?

Answer 37

intergluteal (natal) cleft

Question 38

What muscle forms the bulk of the buttock?

Answer 38

gluteus muscles

Question 39

what demarcates the inferior boundary of buttock and start of thigh?

Answer 39

gluteal fold

Question 40

Buttocks are located between what (borders)

Answer 40

between iliac crests and inferior border of gluteus maximus

Question 41

At birth your hip bone is compsed of what?

Answer 41

3 separate bones joined by cartilage

Question 42

When does you hip bnes begin to fuse?

Answer 42

15-17 years

Question 43

what are the 3 bones in the hip separated by at puberty?

Answer 43

triadiate cartilage (Y-shaped cartilage)

Question 44

What three bones of the hip fuse as an adult?

Answer 44

fusion of ileum, ischium, and pubis

Question 45

When is fusin of the hip bones completed?

Answer 45

20-25 years

Question 46

Are there fushion lines of the 3 hip bones visible in older adults?

Answer 46

no, but still refer to the 3 bones

Question 47

Identify the yellow area/structure

Answer 47

Ileum

Question 48

Identify the blue area/structure

Answer 48

Ischium

Question 49

Identify the red area/structure

Answer 49

pubis

Question 50

Identify the structure

Answer 50

acetabulum

Question 51

Characteristics of acetabulum

Answer 51

"shallow vinegar cup" Large cup-shaped cavity of lateral side of hipbone formed by ileum, ischium, pubis

Question 52

Identify the stucture

Answer 52

acetabular notch

Question 53

Identify the surface

Answer 53

Ala (wing) of ileum

Question 54

Identify the structure

Answer 54

Iliac crest

Question 55

Identify the structure

Answer 55

ischial spine

Question 56

Identify the structure

Answer 56

greater sciatic notch

Question 57

Identify the structure

Answer 57

lesser sciatic notch

Question 58

Identify the structure

Answer 58

obturator foramen

Question 59

Identify the structure

Answer 59

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 60

Identify the structure

Answer 60

inferior iliac spine

Question 61

Identify the structure

Answer 61

pubic tubercle

Question 62

Identify the structure

Answer 62

obturator foramen

Question 63

Identify the structure

Answer 63

posterior superior iliac spine

Question 64

Identify the structure

Answer 64

ischial tuberosity

Question 65

Characteristics of obturator foramen

Answer 65

small passageway for obturator nerve and vessels otherwise completely closed by obturator membrane

Question 66

Identify the structure

Answer 66

greater sciatic foramen

Question 67

Identify the structure

Answer 67

lesser sciatic foramen

Question 68

Identify the structure

Answer 68

sacrospinous ligament

Question 69

Identify the structure

Answer 69

sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 70

What sturcutres convert the sciatic notches into foramina?

Answer 70

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 71

Greater sciatic foramen provides passageway for

Answer 71

structures enetering or leaving pelvis "Doorway" for all lower limb arteries and nerves (leaves pelvis to enter gluteal region)

Question 72

Lesser sciatic formen provides passageway for

Answer 72

structures entering or leaving perineum

Question 73

Identify the muscle

Answer 73

gluteus maximus

Question 74

Action of the gluteus maximus

Answer 74

extension and lateral rotation of thigh

Question 75

Innervation of gluteus maximus

Answer 75

inferior gluteal nerve

Question 76

Identify the muscle

Answer 76

glutues medius

Question 77

Action of the gluteus medius muscle

Answer 77

abduct and medially rotate the thigh

Question 78

innervation of gluteus medius

Answer 78

superior gluteal nerve

Question 79

Identify the muscle

Answer 79

gluteus minimus

Question 80

action of gluteus minimus

Answer 80

abduct and medially rotate the thigh

Question 81

innervation of gluteus minimus

Answer 81

superior gluteal nerve

Question 82

Identify the muscle

Answer 82

piriformis

Question 83

action of the piriformis

Answer 83

laterall rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilize hip joint

Question 84

innervation of the piriformis

Answer 84

S1 and S2 spinal nerves

Question 85

Identify the muscle

Answer 85

superior gemellus

Question 86

action of superior gemellus

Answer 86

laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes hip joint

Question 87

innervation of superior gemellus

Answer 87

nerve to obturator internus

Question 88

identify the muscle

Answer 88

obturator internus

Question 89

Action of obturator internus

Answer 89

laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes hip joint

Question 90

innevration of obturaotr internus

Answer 90

nerve to obturator internus

Question 91

identify the muscle

Answer 91

inferior gemellus

Question 92

action of inferior gemellus

Answer 92

laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes hip joint

Question 93

innervation of inferior gemellus

Answer 93

nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 94

identify the muscle

Answer 94

quadratus femoris

Question 95

action of quadratus femoris

Answer 95

laterally rotates extended thigh (strong rotator); stabilizes hip

Question 96

Innervation of quadratus femoris

Answer 96

nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 97

Shape of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

Answer 97

fan shaped

Question 98

Gluteus minimus and medius largely responsible for

Answer 98

preventing sagging of the unsupported pelvis during walking, therefore keeps pelvis level Allows nonweightbearing foot to clear the ground as it is brought forward during walking

Question 99

What happens if you injure your superior gluteal nerve?

Answer 99

gluteus medius doesn't contract when standing on one foot and pelvis on unsupported side when walking pelvis descends on unsupported side and lower limb becomes too long and foot doesn't clear the ground

Question 100

How does someone compensate for injury to superior gluteal nerve?

Answer 100

leans away from unsupported side therefore raising pelvis "wadding gait" lifting foot higher "stepping gait"

Question 101

Piriformis can be used as a landmark for locating what nerve and where does the nerve run?

Answer 101

sciatic nerve, runs below piriformis

Question 102

What is piriformis syndrome?

Answer 102

excessive use of gluteal muscles causes hypertrophy and spasm of piriformis can cause compression of sciatic nerve

Question 103

skin of the gluteus is innervated by

Answer 103

superior, middle, and inferior clunial nerves

Question 104

Deep gluteal nerves arise from the

Answer 104

sacral plexus

Question 105

sciatic nerve arises from

Answer 105

ventral rami of L4-S3

Question 106

Sciatic nerve composed of how many nerves and what are they?

Answer 106

2, tibial nerve and common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Question 107

Superior gluteal nerve arises from what and located where?

Answer 107

arises from ventral rami of L4-S1, leaves greater sciatic foramen, superior to piriformis, runs between gluteus medius and minimus, runs with superficial gluteal artery

Question 108

Superificial gluteal nerve supplies

Answer 108

gluteus medius and minimus and tensor of fascia lata

Question 109

inferior gluteal nerve arises from and located where?

Answer 109

arises from ventral rami of L5-S2, leaves greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis, runs with inferior gluteal artery

Question 110

Inferior gluteal nerve innervates

Answer 110

gluteus maximus