glycolysis

Question 1

what kind of reaction is glycolysis

Answer 1

REDOX

Question 2

name 3 enzymes involved

Answer 2

dehydrogenases
isomerases
kinases

Question 3

what substances can be phosphorylated

Answer 3

glucose and similar sugars
proteins

Question 4

impact on phosphorylated protein

Answer 4

activation or inhibition

Question 5

why can only some AA can be phosphorylated

Answer 5

have an OH group in their side chain

Question 6

consequence of glucose phosphorylation

Answer 6

glucose can no longer leave the cell as transporters not complementary

Question 7

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 7

transfer of Pi to ADP to make ATP, in a coupled reaction

this needs energy, and is using energy from another reaction

Question 8

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 8

transfer of Pi to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the ETC

Question 9

cytosol

Answer 9

liquid part of cytoplasm, but with no organelles or nucleus

Question 10

cytoplasm

Answer 10

cytosol, and everything in it, eg organelles, but no nucleus

Question 11

end product of glycolysis

Answer 11

pyruvate

Question 12

big step 1,2 of glycolysis

Answer 12

invest ATP - to make a high energy/unstable compound
generate ATP - by splitting a high energy/ unstable compound

Question 13

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 13

aerobic resp

converts pyruvate into acetate

decarboxylation

dehydrogenation makes NADH

Question 14

lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 14

catalyses both ways of reversible reaction

anaerobic resp

lactate to pyruvate making NADH

or

when enoiugh o2

pyruvate to lactate making NAD+

Question 15

serum

Answer 15

blood liquid parts, and cells in blood, but no clotting factors

Question 16

cancer cell adaptation

Answer 16

more glucose transporters

Question 17

method of treating cancer cells due to more glucose transporters

Answer 17

radioactively labelled glucose transporters to find cancer cell location

Question 18

glucose phosphorylation

Answer 18

add Pi to 6’ C on glucose

Question 19

glycolysis general eqn

Answer 19

glucose+2Pi+2ATP—>2ATP+2NADH+2pyruvate

Question 20

investment phase (constructive)

Answer 20

Phosphorylation
Isomerisation
Phosphorilation
Split

Question 21

hexokinase

Answer 21

PHOSPHORYLATION

ATP->ADP+Pi
Adds a Pi to 6’C of glucose
Forms glucose6phosphate

Question 22

phosphoglucoisomerase

Answer 22

ISOMERISATION

Converts Glucose6phosphate into Fructose6phosphate

Question 23

phosphofructokinase

Answer 23

PHOSPHORYLATION

ATP->ADP+Pi
Phosphorylates Fructose6phosphate into Fructosebisphosphate

Question 24

fructosebisphosphatealdolase

Answer 24

SPLIT

Fructosebisphosphate is split into two 3C molecules

These are glyceraldehyde3phosphate

Question 25

ATP lysis cataylsed by which cofactor

Answer 25

Mg2+

Question 26

cofactor

Answer 26

inorganic metal ions never binds to AS of enzyme REDOX reactions

Question 27

coenzyme

Answer 27

non protein organic (otherwise would be enzymes) often binds to AS of enzyme REDOX reactions

Question 28

why Mg2+

Answer 28

stabilise negative Pi charge

Question 29

difference between glucose and fructose

Answer 29

glucose has a 5C ring and fructose has a 4C ring

Question 30

Generating phase (destructive)

Answer 30

Oxidation Dephosphorylation Dephosphorilation

Question 31

why is generation phase different to investment phase

Answer 31

Each reaction happens twice because there are two 3C glyceraldehyde3phosphates per Fructosebisphosphate

Question 32

what does glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase work with?

Answer 32

NAD+ Mg2+

Question 33

what does NAD+ work with?

Answer 33

glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase Mg2+

Question 34

glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 34

Oxidises glyceraldehyde3phosphate by removing a hydrogen Also phosphorylates NAD+accepts the hydrogen

Question 35

phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 35

transfers a Pi from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make ATP. Resulting compound has one Pi - 3 phosphoglycerate

Question 36

mutase

Answer 36

isomerase enzyme

Question 37

phosphoglycerate mutase

Answer 37

moves Pi on 3phosphoglycerate to 2C to form phosphoglycerate

Question 38

pyruvate kinase

Answer 38

dephosphorylation Pi removed from 2phosphoglycerate forms pyruvate

Question 39

glucose 6 phosphate

Answer 39

a

Question 40

fructose6phosphate

Answer 40

a

Question 41

fructosebisphosphate

Answer 41

a

Question 42

glyceraldehyde3phosphate

Answer 42

a

Question 43

1,3bisphosphoglycerate

Answer 43

made from aldehyde compound (3phosphoglyceraldehyde) by GLYCERALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE converted into phosphoglycerate (has coo-) by phosphoglycerate kinsase

Question 44

2phosphoglycerate

Answer 44

a

Question 45

3phosphoglycerate

Answer 45

Question 46

pyruvate

Answer 46

methyl group, coo- attached to carbonyl

Question 47

numebr of steps in glycolysis

Question 48

describe pyruvate structure

Answer 48

3C ketone methyl group carboxylate group

Question 49

how to measure cell damage

Answer 49

dead cells leak contents out into blood like a wounded soldier bleeding out onto the battlefield elevated serum levels

Question 50

enzyme catalysing REDOX reaction

Answer 50

dehydrogenase

Question 52

lactate structure

Answer 52

reduced version of pyruvate ketone part of pyruvate is reduced

Question 53

pathway of investmenty phase then generation phase

Answer 53

glucose to glucose6phosphate by hexokinase glucose6phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase fructose6phosphate to fructose **_1,6_**bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase fructosebisphosphate to 2 isomers by aldose, main isomer is **_glyceraldehyde3phosphate_** minor isomer converted into **_glyceraldehyde3phosphate BY AN ISOMERASE_** **_glyceraldehyde3phosphate**_ dehyrogenated into 1,3 bisphosphogylcerate by _**glyceraldehyde3phosphate_**dehydrogenase 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate converted into 3 phosphoglycerate by _phosphoglyceratekinase_ 3 phosphoglycerate converted into 2 phosphoglycerate by mutase 2 phosphogluycerate converted into pyruvate by pyruvate by pyruvate kinase