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biochem 2025 > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what is an example of starches

A

amylose/ amylopectin

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2
Q

what do amylases do

A

break internal alpha 1-4 bonds

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3
Q

where are amylases found

A

in saliva and small intestine

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4
Q

what bonds can you harness energy from

A

C-C, C-h, C-OH bonds

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5
Q

you can capture energy through oxidizing what

A

carbon

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6
Q

what are examples of high energy compounds in glycolysis

A

PEP and 2,3 BPG

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7
Q

what are the different states of reduction in carbon from most reduced to least reduced(oxidized)

A

CH2, CHOH, C=O, C=OOH, O=C=O

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8
Q

in prokaryotes and eukaryotes where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosl

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9
Q

what is the first step of glycolysis

A

glucose turns into g6p through hexokinase

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10
Q

glycolysys 2

A

g6p turns into fructose 6p bc of phosphoglucose isomerase

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11
Q

glycolysis 3

A

fructose 6–> fructose 1,6 bisphosphate w/ phosphofructokiniase
main point of the reaction

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12
Q

glyolysis 4

A

fructose 1,6 turns into GAP and DHAP w/ aldolase

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13
Q

glyolysis 5

A

DHAP turns into GAP bc the body likes Gap w/ TIM

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14
Q

glyolysis 6

A

GAP –> 1,3BPG bc of GAPDH

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15
Q

glycolysis 7

A

1,3 BPG–> 3PG through PGK

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16
Q

glyvolysis 8

A

3PG–> 2PG through PGM

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17
Q

glycolysis 9

A

2PG–> PEP through enolase

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18
Q

glycolysis 10

A

PEP —> Pyruvate w/ pyruvate Kinase

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19
Q

in glycolysis the steps that involve ATP plus enolase need what

A

Mg+2 bc its a metal ion catalysis and it lowers the activation energy so that the reaction can occur

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20
Q

metal ion cat.

A

metal ion is used with an enzyme

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21
Q

role of hexokinase

A
  • first enzyme used and its highly exergonic
  • traps GLC as GCP in cytosol
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22
Q

how is Mg+2 beneficial

A
  • metal ion cat
  • makes the gamma phosphorus more accessible during nucleophillic attack
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23
Q

how does the enzyme work with the Mg_2

A
  • enzyme movement places the atp in close proximity to the 6’ CH2OH and excludes water from the active sirte
  • prevents unwatned hydrolysis of ATP
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24
Q

phosphoglucose isomerase enzyme characteristics

A
  • reversible
  • GABC
  • enediol intermediate
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25
phosphofructokinase 1
- irreversible - high energy - main control point of glycolysis - highly exergonic
26
aldolase
turns fructose 1,6 into DHAP and GAP LYASE
27
why is aldolase a lyase
it removes DHAP to give double bonds also its reversible bc lyases are reversible
28
what is a part of aldolase reaction
aldol cleavage
29
TIM characteristics
- reversible -GABC - occurs through enediol intermediate - alpha/beta barrel fold/ motif
30
GAPDH importance
- generates the first high energy intermediate through inorganic Pi
31
dehydrogenases are what EC classification
redox enzymes so they are oxireductases that involve hydride transfer with the help of a redox cofactor NADH
32
why is hydride transfer helpful in the GaPDH mechanism
- hydride is transferred to NADH to oxidize GAP
33
NADH importance
energy stored in NADH as 2 high energy electrons - can charge the ETC and make more ATP by ox Phos
34
why is As or arsenic bad
-it is similar chemically to phosphorous so it subsittutes for P in biochemical reactions - disrupts ATP production
35
importance of anhydrides
- contain stored chemical energy
36
compound w/ large delta G can do what
transfer its phosphate group to a compound with a smaller delta g
37
what is substrate phosphorylation
- produciton of ATP from ATP by a direct transfer of a high energy phosphate
38
how is PEP and 1,3 BpG formed
through SLP and the hydrolysis helps provide adequate free energy to drive many reactions
39
PGK step
- first ATP generation step through SLP
40
what fit does PGK and hexokinase do
induced fit
41
what reactions are coupled thermodynamically and physically
GAPDH reaction and PGK reaction
42
PGM active form has what
- phosphohistidine residue in the active site
43
enolase enzyme
- reversible bc of lyase - lyase
44
what is considered the usain bold of high energy compounds
PEP
45
why does PEP have so much high energy
its due to the enol to keto tautomerization to the pyruvate product
46
why is water loss of 2PG important
- causes redistribution of energy within PEP increasing the delta G hydrolysis of the phosphate
47
pyruvate kinase enzyme mechanism
- second ATP generation step through SLP
48
pyruvate kinase reaction mechanism
- phosphoryl group transfer - pep transfers high energy to phosphate ADP---> ATP
49
how is lysine used in covalent catalysis
- found in schiff base imines and its an electron sink
50
what does aldolase use
covalent catalysis
51
class II aldolases where are they found
-algae and fungi and do not form schiff base
52
what does Zn+2 do in class II aldolases
polarizes the carbonyl intermediate
53
what inhibits GAPDH
- iodoacetate/ iodoacetamide -p-hydroxymercuribenzoate - Hg and heavy metals -these inhibit GAPDH essentially inhibiting glycolysis as a whole
54
what AA is present in GAPDH
cysteine thiol
55
what are the main control points
hexokinase, pfk-1, pyruvate kinase
56
why does glucose branch
allow for quick release of glucose units for metabolism
57
kinase
enzyme add phosphoryl group
58
phosphatases
- enzymes that remove phosphoryl gp
59
why is phosphorylation important
activate or inhibit it
60
what is glycogen phosphorylase
- control by reversible phosphorylation
61
what is a positive effector and the negative effector in the glycogen phosphorylase control
atp is negative and the AMP is a positive effector
62
is glycolysis anaerobic
yes
63
what does vitamin B1 deficiency lead to
beri beri
64
what are coenzymes
transient carriers of specific funcitonal groups that come from vitamins
65
why is adh important
- ethanol cant be excreted so it has to be metabolized by ADH in the liver
66
isozymes
enzymes with the same reaction but differ in kinetics and regulation
67

biochem 2025 (3 decks)

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