Glycolysis

Question 1

fermentation of pyruvates to what?

Answer 1

lactic acid by bacteria

Question 2

oxidation of reduced fuel (glucose) to generate E to form of ATP and NAD(P)H

Answer 2

metabolism

Question 3

electrons are fallin gdown an electrial potential gradient from ____ to ______

Answer 3

reduced (glucose) to oxidized (oxygen)

Question 4

metabolism doesn’t happen in

Answer 4

vacuum

Question 5

what are involved to move metabolites in and out of cell?

Answer 5

many transporters

they talk to each other - complexity

Question 6

GLU1 has Km value

Answer 6

~1mM

housekeeping one

Question 7

GLU2 has Km?

Answer 7

high Km for glucose (10-20mM)

Question 8

where is GLU2 present?

Answer 8

in the liver means that liver will take up glucose only when the blood glucose conc. is raised (after meal)

Question 9

in fast state, GLUT2 does waht?

Answer 9

allows for the export of glucose from the liver

Question 10

GLUT3 has Km?

Answer 10

low Km. ( present in brain)

Question 11

GLUT4 transporters are sequestered in membranes of intracellular vesicles untill?

Answer 11

increase in blood insulin (from pancreas) concen. leads to recuitment of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane

insuline signal molecule here.

Question 12

GLUT5 is

Answer 12

fructose transporter

Question 13

glycolysis is what kind of process?

Answer 13

anaerobic process

doesn’t require O2

Question 14

glucose into pyruvate, then to what in anaerobic condition?

Answer 14

lactate

recycling NADH -> NAD+

Question 15

glucose into pyruvate, then to what in aerobic?

Answer 15

to acetyl coa => TCA => electron transport chain –> oxygen is final elec acceptor
*much more efficient (x15) than anaerobic

Question 16

Glycolysis - synthesis of ATP is by?

Answer 16

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 17

synthesis of ATP in mitochondria is by?

Answer 17

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 18

committed step of glycolysis is catalyzed by?

Answer 18

phosphofructokinase 1

Question 19

hexokinase is regulated step but not first commited step becasue?

Answer 19

its product glucose 6-p is link to many other pathway

Question 20

by adding the strongly-charged po4, glucose is now?

Answer 20

now trapped inside the cell

Question 21

dehydrogenase

Answer 21

taking away (H-e- attached) electron and gives it to something else

Question 22

net reaction of glycolysis

Answer 22

glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ +2Pi ->

2pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

Question 23

phosphoenopyruvate + ADP + H+ –> Pyruvate + ATP

what enzyme/

Answer 23

pyruvate kinase

Question 24

hexokinase reaction; in vivo, nucleotide phosphates are typiclly associated with ____ ti stablize the charge

Answer 24

Mg++

Question 25

most NTP-utilizing enzymes require __ as a cofactor

Answer 25

Mg++

Question 26

multiple forms of hexokinase occur in mammalian tissues and yeast?

Answer 26

Isozymes

Question 27

PFK-1 is metabolically _____ and critical regulatory point for glycolysis in most cell

Answer 27

irreversible | PFK-1 is the first committed step of glycolysis

Question 28

enzyme in microbes that decarboxylates pyruvate to make acetaldehyde (which will become ethanol)

Answer 28

pyruvate decarboxylase

Question 29

enzyme that decarboxylates pyruvates to form acetyl coa for TCA cycle

Answer 29

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 30

this enzyme adds CO2 to pyruvate to make oxaloacetate for anapleurotic reactions and for gluconeogensis

Answer 30

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 31

ATP is ___ and ____ for PFK1

Answer 31

substrate and allosteric inhibitor

Question 32

this is formed from F6P by the enzyme phosphofructokinase -2( PFK-2)

Answer 32

F2,6BP | fructose 2,6 - bisphosphate

Question 33

GAPDH

Answer 33

another site for arsenic poisoing

Question 34

three major fates of pyruvate

Answer 34

anerobic : to 2ethanol (in bacterial) to 2 lactate (muscle) | aerobic : to 2 acetyl coa

Question 35

Oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by?

Answer 35

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex - know the mechanism!

Question 36

2 carbon acetyl groups passed from ___ to _____

Answer 36

phosphate group to thiol group

Question 37

lipoic acid cofactor 'active site' cycles between what?

Answer 37

osidized -s-s and reduced -SH HS-

Question 38

Anaerobic fate of pyruvate?

Answer 38

Anaerobically, there is no TCA cycle to burn up the reduced NADH. MUST RECYCLE NADH  NAD+ otherwise glycolysis will stop Electrons are a waste product

Question 39

Reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate (Eukarotic muscles - anaerobic)

Answer 39

This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by GAPDH in glycolysis

Question 40

what effect is slowing down glycolysis in presence of oxygen?

Answer 40

pasteur effect

Question 41

net ATP in glycolysis

Answer 41

2 ATP | 4 in, 2 out