E production/utilization

Question 1

anaerobic fate of pyruvate?

Answer 1

no TCA to burn up NADH. so recycle to NAD+

electrons are waste product

Question 2

aerobic fate of pyruvate?

Answer 2

electron are source Energy

Question 3

what do you mean by energy?

Answer 3

high energy bonds of nucleotide triphosphates
ATP–> AMP + PP
pp IS HIGH NRG bond

Question 4

many of the intermediates can be synthesized by other enzymes and fed into the TCA cycle to refill** it? what is it called?

Answer 4

anapleurotic reaction of TCA cycle

Question 5

anapleurotic reaction: Acetyl Coa –>?

Answer 5

fatty acid

Question 6

anapleurotic reaction: alpha ketoglutarate –>

Answer 6

glutamate

Question 7

anapleurotic reaction: succinyl coa–?

Answer 7

gama aminolevulinate

Question 8

anapleurotic reaction: fumarate/OAA –>

Answer 8

aspartate

Question 9

arsenic positions are inhibition of what?

Answer 9

DH
pyruvate DH, succinate DH, as well as other DH
both aerobic + anaerobic are impacted

Question 10

potential energy from TCA?

Answer 10

GTP, NADH, FADH2

Question 11

what will be fed into electron transport chain?

Answer 11

NADH and FADH2

Question 12

NAD?

Answer 12

Nicotine adenine dinucleotide

Question 13

FAD

Answer 13

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 14

thiol group that is used to carry acetate (in TCA) and can carry many other longer chains of carbon

Answer 14

coenzyme A

Question 15

Where TCA occur?

Answer 15

mitochondrial matrix

except succinate DH ( inner membrane) –> complex2

Question 16

where ETC?

Answer 16

inner membrane

Question 17

what are found in intermembrane space?

Answer 17

cytochrome c, water-soluble protein

Question 18

Oxidative phosphorylation occur where?

Answer 18

matrix

Question 19

relative ability to give or accept electrons

Answer 19

reduction potential

Question 20

more negave, means it will ___electrons

Answer 20

give up

Question 21

more positive, means it will ____ electron

Answer 21

accept

Question 22

acutal reduction potential is number measured?

Answer 22

relative to normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)

Question 23

Mid point potential is voltage at?

Answer 23

redox active group is 50% oxidized and 50% reduced

Question 24

more negative midpoint potential can give ___ to anything with more ____

Answer 24

electron to more positive potential

even if they are both positive(or negative), it’s a relative scale

Question 25

how many complexes in ETC?

Answer 25

4. ( 1, 2, 3, 4)

Question 26

complex 1 oxidizes ___ and reduces ___

Answer 26

NADH and Coenzyme Q

Question 27

four H transported out per ___e-

Answer 27

2e-

Question 28

NADH ->___->FeS->UQ->FES->Q

Answer 28

FMN

Question 29

complex2 oxidizes ____ and reduce ____

Answer 29

succinate and coenzym Q

Question 30

Complex 2 is aka ___

Answer 30

succinate DH ( from TCA)

Question 31

how many subunit is in complex 2?

Answer 31

4 including 2FE-S proteins | 3 types Fe-S cluster (4Fe-4S, 3Fe-4S, 2Fe-2S)

Question 32

succinate +UQ --> _____ +UQH2

Answer 32

Fumarate

Question 33

which complex proton transport does not occur?

Answer 33

2

Question 34

complex 3, cytochrome c _____

Answer 34

oxidoreductase

Question 35

problem with complex 3

Answer 35

two electrons are coming in from UQH2, but only one can go into cyt c

Question 36

solution with complex3

Answer 36

two step cycle, second electron goes into a stable semiquinone (stable free radical) via cyt b. second, make another cyt c, and completely reduce semiquinone to UQH2 again

Question 37

complex 4, transfer __ electron from cyt c to ___ to make H20

Answer 37

4 electron to Oxygen

Question 38

WHY is it called oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 38

delivering e- to O2 is driving force

Question 39

case where enzymes are NOT clean – they are leaky and make accidental toxic side products, particularly superoxide

Answer 39

ROS

Question 40

Cyanide, azide and CO inhibit WHICH COMPLEX?

Answer 40

Complex IV, binding tightly to the ferric form (Fe3+) of a3

Question 41

Oligomycin and DCCD are what inhibitors?

Answer 41

ATP synthase inhibitors

Question 42

DNP ?

Answer 42

chemical uncoupler; lipid soluble; Diet drug ; caused some deaths

Question 43

Aspirin (High conc) ?

Answer 43

also uncouples and inc glycolysis to compensate leads to lactic acidosis

Question 44

‘uncoupler’ protein called _______, or ‘uncoupler protein-1’

Answer 44

THERMOGENIN in brown adipose tissue

Question 45

ATP movement out is favored because the cytosol is ___ relative to the ____matrix

Answer 45

+ cytosol - matrix ATP must be transported out of the mitochondria

Question 46

making and exporting 1 ATP =

Answer 46

4H+ every ATP transported out costs one H+ One ATP synthesis costs about 3 H+

Question 47

How Are the Electrons of Cytosolic NADH Fed into Electron Transport? (NADH can't cross inner membrane)

Answer 47

"Shuttle systems" effect electron movement without actually carrying NADH Malate-aspartate shuttle uses malate to carry electrons across the membrane

Question 48

____ATP per glucose if glycerol-3-P shuttle used

Answer 48

30

Question 49

____ATP per glucose if malate-Asp shuttle used

Answer 49

32

Question 50

what transfer e- from some substrate to O2 to make water or H2O2

Answer 50

Oxidases

Question 51

what incorporate O atoms into a substrate(monooxygenases/hydroxylases) or dioxygenases incorporate both O2 atoms into a substrates (eicosanoids)

Answer 51

Oxygenases

Question 52

Hypoxia -->

Answer 52

ischemia | -->Reperfusion injury: