Glycolysis

Question 1

Glucose is a large _____ molecule.

Answer 1

Polar

Question 2

Na+ _____ facilitated transport of glucose through a cell membrane.

Answer 2

Independent

Question 3

Which of the GLUT transporters is insulin regulatable?

Answer 3

GLUT-4

Question 4

GLUT 1 major site of expression is?

Answer 4

RBC’s and BBB

Question 5

GLUT 2 major site of expression is?

Answer 5

Liver and kidney

Question 6

GLUT 3 major site of expression is?

Answer 6

Brain neurons (Epilepsy if not present)

Question 7

GLUT 4 major site of expression is?

Answer 7

Adipocytes, and skeletal muscle

Question 8

GLUT 5 major site of expression is?

Answer 8

Primary transport for fructose in small intestine

Question 9

GLUT 7 major site of expression is?

Answer 9

Smooth ER of hepatocytes

Question 10

What stages of the glycolysis cycle is known as ‘energy investment stage’?

Answer 10

Stage 1 and 2

Question 11

How many times does stage 3 of glycolysis happen?

Answer 11

2 times

Question 12

Stage 3 of glycolysis is also known as what stage?

Answer 12

Energy generation stage

Question 13

Glycolysis is _____level phosphorylation

Answer 13

Substrate

Question 14

Which enzyme in glycolysis utilizes the first ATP?

Answer 14

Hexokinase

Question 15

What is the cofactor for all kinases?

Answer 15

Mg2+

Question 16

Mg2+ functions to shield the _____ charged oxygens of ATP

Answer 16

Negatively

Question 17

What steps are irreversible?

Answer 17

All RL steps (3)

Question 18

Glucokinase is the predominat enzyme for gluce in the _____.

Answer 18

Liver

Question 19

When do we use glucokinase?

Answer 19

During hyperglycemia

Question 20

Hexokinase has a ___ Km and a ___ Vmax for glucose.

Answer 20

Low, Low

Question 21

Glucokinase has a ___ Km and a ___ Vmax for glucose.

Answer 21

High, High

Question 22

What are the 3 RL steps?

Answer 22

Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase

Question 23

Phosphoglucose isomerase is the isomerization of an ___ to a ___

Answer 23

Aldose(Glucose-6-phos) to a ketose (fructose-6-phos)

Question 24

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has how many carbons?

Answer 24

6

Question 25

How many carbons does DHAP and GAP have each?

Answer 25

3

Question 26

Triose phosphate ismerase converts into GAP or DHAP is dictated by what?

Answer 26

Law of Mass Action

Question 27

The first ATP generation is by _____.

Answer 27

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 28

In red blood cells a detour from glycolysis occurs where 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is generated by the enzyme _____.

Answer 28

Bisphosphoglycerate mutase

Question 29

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is a ___ inhibitor of 3-phosphoglycerate?

Answer 29

Competitive (Place holder for oxygen when in high altitude)

Question 30

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an important regulator of the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin whre it works by _____ hemoblobin's binding affinity to oxygen.

Answer 30

Decreasing

Question 31

Phosphoglycerate mutase generates a ___ phosphoryl compound for use in ATP synthesis.

Answer 31

High-energy

Question 32

What is the second "high-energy" intermediate formation?

Answer 32

Enoloase

Question 33

What is the second ATP generation?

Answer 33

Pyruvate kinase

Question 34

All kinase's cofactor is?

Answer 34

Magnesium

Question 35

Which enzyme defect is responsible of most genetic defects?

Answer 35

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Question 36

The second most common cause of enzyme deficiency-related hemolytic anemia is?

Answer 36

Glucose 6-hosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, only second to pytuvate kinase.

Question 37

What is the overall reaction of Aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 37

2ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate

Question 38

What is the overall reaction of Anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 38

2ATP, 2 Lactate (Made by 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate)

Question 39

In anaerobic glycolysis the NADH is consumed and is the reducing agent for the enzyme_____.

Answer 39

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 40

Lactate is being ___?

Answer 40

Reduced

Question 41

What are the 1st fate of pyruvate?

Answer 41

Reduction of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. (Important for RBC's and skeletal muscle during intense exercise)

Question 42

What are the 2nd fate of pyruvate?

Answer 42

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase (souce of acetyle CoA for TCA and fatty acid synthesis. Inhibited by acetyle CoA. In mitochondria)

Question 43

What are the 3rd fate of pyruvate?

Answer 43

Carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. (Provides substates for gluconeogenesis, replenishes intermediates of TCA cycle. Activated by acetyle CoA. Irreversible reaction in mitochondria)

Question 44

What is the most gluconeogenic AA?

Answer 44

Alanine.

Question 45

The "true" 4th alternate fate for pyruvate is_____.

Answer 45

Transamination to alanine through alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Question 46

Fructose is found in_____.

Answer 46

Fruits

Question 47

Galactose is found in _____.

Answer 47

Milk

Question 48

Mannose is obtained from the digestion of _____ and _____.

Answer 48

Polysaccharides and glycoproteins

Question 49

Hexokinase has a ___Km for fructose

Answer 49

High

Question 50

Fructokinase has a ___Km for fructose

Answer 50

Low

Question 51

Galactose and glucose are ___ epimers

Answer 51

C4

Question 52

Mannose and glucose are ___ epimers

Answer 52

C2

Question 53

Galactose enters glycolysis by converting to?

Answer 53

G-6P

Question 54

Fructose enters glycolysis by converting to?

Answer 54

F-6P (Muscle)

Question 55

What are all the ways can fructose enter glycolysis?

Answer 55

F-6P, DHAP or GAP (Liver)

Question 56

In muscle, fructose uses what enzyme?

Answer 56

Hexokinase

Question 57

In liver, fructose uses what enzyme?

Answer 57

Fructokinase