Glycolysis Flashcards
What is the overall reaction that occurs in glycolysis?
glucose –> pyruvate
The complete oxidation of glucose has what free energy?
∆G= -2834 kj/mol
In theory, how many ATP molecules could you make from 1 glucose?
95 ATP molecules from one glucose
(2834/30 (per ATP))
The whole 2834 kj/mol could be released as heat, but this doesnt happen for what reasons?
- biological systems cannot utilise heat as a source of energy
- No single reaction of metabolism requires this amount of energy to be released in one step
- always need to overcome the activation energy. Enzymes are capable of effecting only small changes when they catalyse biological reactions, releasing the energy in steps
During the catabolism of glucose, the molecule is broken down in small steps and the energy is released. How much energy is released and what is it used for?
roughly 30 kj/mol
Released in the form of chemical energy, with ATP being the energy carrier
What are the products from the overall process of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
2H+
Name 2 coenzymes used in glycolysis?
- ATP/ADP
- NADH/ NAD+
Draw the structure of glycerol?
what intermediate is glycerol metabolised into ?
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (which may be converted onto pyruvic acid)
What can dihydroxyacetone also be used for?
gluconeogenesis to make G6P for glucose to the blood of glycogen depending on whats required
Draw the structure and write the general formula for:
- Aldehyde
- Ketone
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylate ester
- Amide
How many steps to glycolysis are there?
10
Tell me all the steps to the first step of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
- Glucose by itself cannot cross a membrane.
- Uses transport proteins e.g., GLUT2 to move from a high to a low concentration.
- This process does not require energy.
- Phosphorylation prevents the glucose from Returning (Remember G G6P is irreversible)
- powered by the energy from ATP hydrolysis using this enzyme hexokinase
- Can be reversed but using a different enzyme.
uses facilitated diffusion
The passage of materials is aided by a concentration gradient and by a transport protein
Draw the second stage of glycolysis
Draw the structures and enzymes involved
is it reversible?
An isomerase reaction
Tell me all the steps to the thrid stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Solution provides the phosphate group
Tell me all the steps to the fourth stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
The enzyme derives its name from the reverse reaction, an aldol condensation reaction
Tell me all the steps to the fifith stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Tell me all the steps to the sixth stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Tell me all the steps to the seventh stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Tell me all the steps to the eigth stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Tell me all the steps to the ninth stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Tell me all the steps to the tenth stage of glycolysis
Draw the products structures and the enzyme involved
is it reversible?
Draw the following bonds
- Phosphoenolpyruvate
- anhydride bond
- ester bond
- thioester bond
Order the following in order of highest to lowest energy of phosphate compounds
- Glycerol-3-phosphate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
- Phosphoceratine
Summary of the whole process of glycolysis
