Glycolysis Overview

Question 1

What is the purpose of Glycolysis?

Answer 1

To break down glucose in order to produce ATP

Question 2

What are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 2

ATP, NADH, Pyruvate, lactate and alanine

Question 3

In aerobic organisms glycolysis yields precursors to the Aerobic system which is composed of these two systems

Answer 3

Krebs cycle and ETS

Question 4

The aerobic system completely ______ CO2 and H20

Answer 4

Oxidizes

Question 5

During the first half of glycolysis Glucose is brought into the cell and it is _______ so it is trapped within it

Answer 5

Phosphorilated

Question 6

During the first half of Glycolysis glucose is changed into an energy rich sugar known as

Answer 6

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate

Question 7

In the second half of glycolysis when we receive the ATP we:

Answer 7

Split the molecule in two in order to get ATP, Set up large Delta G reactions , and use the free energy to re-create ATP

Question 8

In the second half of glycolysis the end product that could be further oxidized is

Answer 8

Pyruvate

Question 9

After glycolysis what does pyruvate enter into?

Answer 9

Aerobic system

Question 10

What transporter helps glucose get in the cell?

Answer 10

GLUT 4

Question 11

Glucose is located in the ?

Answer 11

Cytosol

Question 12

What does Hexokinase do in glycolysis?

Answer 12

Phosphorilate Glucose to convert it to Glu 6-Phos

Question 13

After the phosphate group is added, glucose can go through ______ which is enabled by phosphoglucose isomerase thus changing its structure

Answer 13

Isomerization

Question 14

During Isomerization we change the aldehyde structure into a ________

Answer 14

ketone

Question 15

In order to further transform Glucose into a more energy rich sugar, This enzyme phosphorylates Fru 6–phosphate and turns it into _______

Answer 15

PFK (phosphofructokinase) and turns it into Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Question 16

What does Bis-phosphate imply?

Answer 16

Two separate phosphates

Question 17

What does Diphosphate imply?

Answer 17

Two joined phosphates

Question 18

What is PFK (Phosphofructokinase)?

Answer 18

It is an allosteric enzyme

Question 19

What makes PFK important?

Answer 19

It is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis

Question 20

What is allosterism?

Answer 20

The influencing of an enzyme activity by a change in the conformation of the enzyme, brought about by the noncompetitive binding of a nonsubstrate at a site (allosteric site) other than the active site of the enzyme.”

Question 21

During the first half of glycolysis , _______ utilizes the Phosphate group in ATP and phosphorylates glucose in order to form Glucose 6-Phosphate

Answer 21

Hexokinase

Question 22

Phosphoglucose isomerase rearranges Glucose 6-Phosphate by changinge the _______group into a _______group in order to turn it into Fructose 6- Phosphate

Answer 22

Aldehyde; ketone

Question 23

PFK utilizes the Phosphate group in ATP and breaks it down in order to ______ Fructose 6-Phosphate in order to transform into ________

Answer 23

phosphorylate; fructose 1,6 biphosphate

Question 24

During the second half of Glycolysis the molecule is _____ in order to set up large negative Delta G reactions and use the free energy to recreate ATP

Answer 24

Split into two

Question 25

During "the split" in the second half of Glycolysis, this enzyme splits up Fructose 1,6 biphosphate into 2 3 carbon sugars known as _______

Answer 25

Aldolase; glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Question 26

During the second half of glycolysis, In the isomerization process this ENZYME rearranges the ______ group into an ______ group

Answer 26

Triose phosphate isomerase; Ketone ; aldehyde

Question 27

How many pyruvates are yielded per glucose?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate undergoes ________ in order to become 1,3 biphosphoglycerate

Answer 28

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

What is the enzyme that catalyzes oxidative phosphorylation in G3P -> 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate reactions?

Answer 29

G3P dehydrogenase

Question 30

1,3 biphosphoglycerate has one of the phosphate groups removed. This group binds with ADP to become ATP. The molecule that results from this is _____

Answer 30

3- phosphoglycerate

Question 31

What is the enzyme that removes the phosphate group from 1,3 biphosphoglycerate?

Answer 31

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 32

In order for 3- phosphoglycerate to become 2- phosphoglycerate it must mutate by using this enzyme

Answer 32

phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 33

2 phosphoglycerate undergoes ______ in order to become phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 33

dehydration

Question 34

What is the enzyme that plays a key role in the dehydration reaction of 2- phosphoglycerate?

Answer 34

Enolase

Question 35

What is an enol?

Answer 35

A compound possessing a hydroxyl group attached to a doubly bonded carbon atom (–CH=CH (OH) –)

Question 36

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 36

Phosphate from the substrate helps make atp

Question 37

Phosphoenolpyruvate undergoes _____ ____ ___ in order to become pyruvate and produce ATP

Answer 37

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 38

What is the enzyme that plays a key role in the Phosphoenolpyruvate substrate level phosphorylation reaction?

Answer 38

pyruvate kinase

Question 39

What other prominent monosaccharides enter the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 39

fructose and galactose

Question 40

Fructose can be phosphorylated to fructose 6P by _____ and then enter glycolysis

Answer 40

hexokinase

Question 41

Galactose is converted into glucose 6P in _ steps

Answer 41

4

Question 42

Which enzymes converts Galactose into Galactose 1P via phosphorylation?

Answer 42

Galactokinase

Question 43

Which enzyme is utilized in the Galactose 1P + UDP glu reaction in order to produce Glucose 1p?

Answer 43

Transferase

Question 44

Which enzyme is used in the UDP galactose -> UDP glucose reaction?

Answer 44

Epimerase

Question 45

What enzyme is used in the Glucose 1p -> glucose 6P reaction?

Answer 45

Mutase

Question 46

What are the key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 46

 Hexokinase |  Phosphofructokinase  Pyruvate Kinase

Question 47

What is the starting point for the Krebs cycle and also inhibits PFK?

Answer 47

Citrate

Question 48

What binds to PFK and decreases its activity?

Answer 48

ATP

Question 49

_____pH inhibits PFK

Answer 49

Decreased

Question 50

It is better to regulate PFK during the process in which Glu6P becomes _____

Answer 50

Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate

Question 51

What are the two pathways that G6P can take?

Answer 51

Glycogen synthesis and Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 52

The more Fructose 6P we have in low ATP situations the _____ the reaction

Answer 52

the faster

Question 53

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step in glycolysis?

Answer 53

Hexokinase

Question 54

Inhibition of which enzyme leads to inhibition of Hexokinase

Answer 54

PFK

Question 55

Which enzyme elevates the concentration of F6P and then G6P

Answer 55

PFK

Question 56

What enzymes do the liver and beta cells of the pancreas contain?

Answer 56

Glucokinase

Question 57

Name an alternative form of Hexokinase

Answer 57

glucokinase

Question 58

This enzyme also makes G6P but only does so when glucose is _______

Answer 58

abundant

Question 59

What is glucokinase stimulated by?

Answer 59

Insulin and fructose

Question 60

Glucokinase has a ____ ___ which means it takes more reactant to make it go faster

Answer 60

High Km

Question 61

Glucokinase is not inhibited by _________

Answer 61

Glucose 6phosphate

Question 62

This enzyme catalyze the third irreversible step in glycolysis. It is also stimulated by fructose 1,6 BP

Answer 62

Pyruvate kinase

Question 63

This amino acid is one reaction away from becoming pyruvate

Answer 63

Alanine

Question 64

Which hormone is secreted when glucose is low?

Answer 64

glucagon

Question 65

What is the objective of glucagon and its primary target?

Answer 65

elevate blood glucose and its primary target is the liver

Question 66

Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+

Answer 66

no answer just memorize

Question 67

Which enzyme is required for the dehydrogenation reaction of Pyruvate into lactate?

Answer 67

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 68

When is lactic acid produced?

Answer 68

when glycolysis runs fast

Question 69

A moderate production of lactate ____ glycolysis

Answer 69

speeds up

Question 70

A large production of lactate _____ glycolysis

Answer 70

inhibits

Question 71

What is the warburg effect?

Answer 71

Conversion of glucose to lactic acid in the presence of oxygen

Question 72

Invasive cancers tend to have

Answer 72

Altered glucose metabolism

Question 73

During acidosis, running glycolysis fast creates intracelullar and pericelullar

Answer 73

acidic conditions