Glycoside Plants

Question 1

What are three examples of Anthraquinone glycosides?

Answer 1

Coffee senna/weed, aloe and buckthorn

Question 2

What is the overall effect of anthraquinone glycosides?

Answer 2

Purgative

Question 3

How does coffee senna cause coffee colored urine?

Answer 3

Sk/cardiac muscle damage + myoglobinuria (kidney damage)

Question 4

What does coffee senna cause in horses?

Answer 4

Liver failure

Question 5

What kind of glycoside are turkey berry and day-blooming jessamine considered?

Answer 5

Calcinogenic glycoside

“Jesse has a turkey that loves to drink milk (ca)”

Question 6

T/F: Calcinogenic glycosides are considered to be a vitamin D analog which lead to lameness due to bone density?

Answer 6

TRUE- these toxic plants will increase the amount of Ca in the body leading to increased bone density

Question 7

What kind of glycoside is the cocklebur considered to be?

Answer 7

Carboxyatractyloside

“Carbs attract all the cocks”

Question 8

What are the effects of cocklebur?

Answer 8

Hepatotoxicity and hypersalivation- encephalopathy/photosensitization and hypoglycemia

Question 9

What type of glycoside are foxglove, oleander, periwinkle and milkweed?

Answer 9

Cardiac glycoside

“Oli the periwinkle colored fox has a huge heart”

Question 10

T/F: An animal has to approximately eat 3 leaves of oleander before showing severe cardiac signs or death

Answer 10

FALSE- one leaf KILLS

Question 11

What are the effects of cardiac glycoside ingestion?

Answer 11

Inhibition of Na/K/ATPase pump causing increased Na/Ca leading to arrest/arrhythmias

Question 12

What is the Tx of choice for cardiac glycoside toxicity?

Answer 12

Digoxin

Question 13

What type of glycoside is sweetclover considered to be?

Answer 13

Coumarin

“That is a sweet red coup you got there”- red for the fact that it will cause bleeding

Question 14

What is the MOA of coumarin glycosides?

Answer 14

Dicoumarol inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase leading to coag factor def

Question 15

What is the tx for coumarin glycosides?

Answer 15

Vitamin K/Whole blood

Question 16

Cherries, grass and elderberries are considered to be what type of glycoside?

Answer 16

Cycogenic glycoside

Question 17

What is the MOA of cycogenic glycosides?

Answer 17

Inhibition of TCA and glycolysis leading to

• Acute: vasoconstriction, bright red mm/blood/lungs and histocyte anoxia due to inhibition of cytochrome ox
• Chronic: neuronal degeneration/antithyroid effects

Question 18

What is the tx for cycogenic glycosides?

Answer 18

Na nitrate –> reactivates cytochrome –> methemoglobinemia

Question 19

What type of glycoside are sago plam, cardboard palm and coontie considered to be a part of?

Answer 19

Cycasin glycoside

“The raccoon puts his sage in a cardboard case”

Question 20

What are the three metabolites of cycasin glycosides?

Answer 20

Cycasin: GI, liver, cancer
B-methyl-L-alanine: neuro
Unknown: axonal degeneration CNS

Question 21

What does the unknown metabolite of cycasin glycosides cause in dogs and cattle?

Answer 21

Dogs: fatal liver
Cattle: zania stagger

Question 22

Flax, rapeseed, kale, soybean, broccoli and cabbage are considered to be a part of what glycoside?

Answer 22

Glucosinolate/Thiocynate glycoside

Question 23

T/F: Milkvetch plants are considered to be an nitropropanolol glycoside AND indolizidine alkaloid

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

What is the MOA of milkvetch?

Answer 24

Inhibition of krebs cycle and cell oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

What are the effects of milkvetch in livestock vs. horses?

Answer 25

Livestock: RESP and NEURO (cracker heels and roaring dz) Horses: NEURO ONLY

Question 26

Alfalfa and white clover are considered to be a part of what glycoside?

Answer 26

Phytoestrogens

Question 27

What does what clover cause?

Answer 27

Infertility in males and females

Question 28

Which plants have volatile oils that are released by hydrolysis causing GI/Derm signs?

Answer 28

Ameomone and hellbows

Question 29

What kind of glycoside is the braken fern?

Answer 29

Ptaquiloside

Question 30

What are some effects of braken fern ingestion?

Answer 30

Retinal degeneration (sheep), aplastic anemia, enzootic bovine hematuria, tumors (GI/bladder)

Question 31

What are the three steroidal saponins?

Answer 31

Agavae, grass and mother tongue

Question 32

How do steroidal saponins work in the body?

Answer 32

Can't eliminate phylloerythrin causing photosensitization (secondary)

Question 33

What plant is considered to be a gossypol?

Answer 33

Cottenseed

Question 34

What is the MOA of cottenseed?

Answer 34

Chronic ingestion leads to cardiac problems with secondary liver damage and also destroys seminiferous tubules leading to infertility in males

Question 35

T/F: Cottenseed is the only free toxin

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What three things does cottenseed bind to?

Answer 36

Fe, protein and AA