Glycosides Flashcards by JOHN RAPHAEL DY

Anthracene or Anthraquinone Glycosides

Aloe
Rhubarb
Cascara sagrada
Frangula
Senna

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SN of Aloe

Aloe barbadensis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organoleptic properties of Aloe

Brownish black opaque mass
Strong odor resembling iodoform
Bitter
Waxy and somewhat resinous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical constituents of Aloe

Aloe-emodin, Aloin, Emodin anthrone, Emodin oxanthrone, Emodin anthranol, Emodin, Isobarbaloin, A-resin, Aloesin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plant part used of Aloe

Dried latex leaves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SN of Rhubarb

Rheum officinale (Polygonaceae)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plant part used of Rhubarb

Rhubarb, rhizomes, roots

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the preparation of rhubarb, rhizomes are collected from what year of plants?

6 to 10 year old

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the preparation of rhubarb, rhizomes are cut into small pieces either?

Longitudinal or transverse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical constituents of Rhubarb

Anthraquinone with COOH moiety (Rhein, Glucorhein), Anthraquinone without COOH moiety (Emodin, Aloe-emodin, Chrysophanol, and Physcion), Anthrones and Dianthrones of Emodin, Heterodianthrones (Palmidin A, B, C)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SN of Cascara Sagrada

Rhamnus purshiana DC (Rhamnaceae)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In preparing cascara sagrada, the bark is collected during the?

Dry season

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plant part used of Cascara sagrada

Dried bark

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organoleptic description of Cascara sagrada

Purplish brown (outside) and Reddish brown (inside)
Nauseatic odor
Persistently bitter]
1-4mm thick
Occurs in quills or channels, small, flat, and broken segments
Smooth with scattered lenticels, lichens, and cork external bark

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical constituents of Cascara sagrada

Normal O-glycosides (10-20%), Aloin like C-glycosides (80-90%) e.g., barbaloin/aloin, deoxybarbaloin or chrysaloin, Cascarosides A,B,C (main)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SN of Frangula

Rhamnus frangula Linn. (Rhamnaceae)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plant part used of Frangula

Dried bark

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In preparation of Frangula, bark is collected during?

Dry season

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical constituents of Frangula

Glucofrangulins A and B, Frangulin A and B, Emodin, Chrysophanic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SN of Senna

Cassia senna L.
Cassia acutifolia - Alexandria Senna
Cascara angustifolia- Tinnevelley senna
(Leguminoseae)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In preparation of Senna, the leaves are collected during?

April and September

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plant part used of Senna

Dried leaflets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organoleptic description of Senna

Pale greyish green (AS), Yellowish green (TS)
Slight odor (both)
Mucilaginous and bitter (both)
Ovate-lanceolate (AS), Lanceolate (TS)
Thin and brittle (AS), Thin and flexible (TS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical constituents of Senna

Sennosides A, B, C, and D, Kaempferol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phenol Glycosides

Arbutin Gaultherin Salicin Populin

SN of Arbutin

Bergenia crassifolia (Saxifragaceae) Uva-ursi/Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Ericaceae)

Plant part used of Arbutin

Dried leaves

SN of Gaultherin

Gaultheria procumbens L (Ericaceae)

Plant part used of Gaultherin

Leaves

Organoleptic description of Gaultherin

Needle-shaped upon crystallization with acetone, soluble in water and alcohol

Chemical constituents of Gaultherin

Hydrolysis of gaultherin with 3% Sulfuric acid - 1 mole methyl salicylate, d-glucose, d-xylose Enzymatic hydrolysis with gaultherase - 1 mole primeverose, disaccharide, methyl salicylate

CN of Salicin

Saligenin b-Dglucopyranoside

SN of Salicin

Salix fragilis or Salix purpurea (Salicaceae)

Plant part used of Salicin

Bark of poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix)

In preparation of salicin, powdered bark is ______ with hot water for several hours, filtered and treated with _____ to precipitate and remove tannins

Macerated, lead acetate

In preparation of salicin, to remove excess lead, it is treated with ______ and then the filtrate is neutralized with _______ to allow salicin to crystallize after chilling

Hydrogen sulfite, ammonia

Chemical constituents of Salicin

One mole of saligenin and d-glucose

CN of Populin

Salicin benzoate

SN of Populin

Populus tremula L, Populus nigra L (Saliaceae)

In preparing populin, it can be prepared from salicin by melting with _______ or salicin and ________ in the presence of KOH

Benzoic anhydride, Benzoyl chloride

Cardiac or Steroid Glycosides

Digitalis, Squill, Strophantus

SN of Digitalis

Digitalis purpurea L (Scrophulariaceae)

Plant part used of Digitalis

Dried leaves

In the preparation of Digitalis, leaves are normally picked in _______ during ________

Afternoon, August or Septemeber

Organoleptic description of Digitalis

Dark greyish green Bitter Orate-lanceolate to broadly ovate

Chemical constituents of Digitalis

Purpurea glycoside A, B, and C, Digitoxigenin, Gitoxigenin, Gitaligenin

SN of European Squill

Urginea maritima L Baker (Liliaceae)

Plant part used of European Squill

Fleshy inner bulb scales

In preparation of squills, bulbs are collected ________. The central fleshy bulb are cut into _______ slices, and is dried..

After flowering season, transverse

Organoleptic description of European squills

White or Whitish yellow Bitter and gummy Available as strips with tapering both ends

Chemical constituents of European squills

Glucoscillaren A, Scillaren A, Proscillaridin A

SN of Indian Squill

Urginea indica (Liliaceae)

Plant part used of Indian Squill

Dried slices of bulb

Organoleptic description

Yellowish to white Acrid, bitter, mucilaginous

Chemical constituents of Indian Squill

Same with European squill

SN of Red Squill

Urginea maritima, red variety due to presence of anthocyanin pigments (Liliaceae)

Chemical constituents of Red Squill

Scilliroside

SN of Strophanthus

Strophanthus hispidus De Candolle or Strophanthus kombe Oliver (Apocynaceae)

Plant part used of Strophanthus

Dried and ripe seeds

Organoleptic description of Strophanthus

Greyish green to light yellowish brown Slightly unpleasant odor Bitter Deep emerald green color (treatment with 80% sulfuric acid)

Chemical constituents of Strophanthus

K-strophanthoside, K-strophanthride B and Cyamarin, Strophanthidin (upon hydrolysis)

Type of glycoside that occurs as O- or C- glycosides

Flavonoid Glycosides

Flavone, Flavonol, Flavanone, Chalcone, Isoflavonoid, Anthocyanidin Glycosides

[Flavone G] SN of Apiin

Petroselinum sativum, Apium petrosolinum aka parsley, Apium graveolens aka celery (Apiaceae)

Chemical constituents of Apiin

Apiin, glucose, apiose, apigenin

Plant part used of Apiin

Seeds and leaves

[Flavone G] SN of Diosmin

Barosma crenulate, Barosma serratifolia, Barosma betulina (Rutaceae)

Chemical constituents of Diosmin

Diosmin (Diosmetin + Rhamnose-glucose)

[Flavonol G] SN of Rutin

Can be found in the Rutaceae family Fagopyrum esculentum - buckwheat (Polygonaceae)

Chemical constituents of Rutin

Quercetin, Rhamnose, Glucose

Plant part used of Rutin

Leaves and flowers

[Flavonol G] SN of Quercetin

Quercus tinctoria and other spp. of Quercus (Fagaceae)

Chemical constituents of Quercetin

Rhamnose and quercetin

Plant part used of Quercetin

Bark

[Flavonone G] SN of Hesperidin

Citrus sinesis Linn (Rutaceae)

[Chalcone G] SN of Catharmin

Catharmus tinctorius - safflower (Asteraceae)

Chemical constituents of Catharmin

Isocatharmin

[Isoflavonoid G] SN of Tephrosin

Tephrosia vogelli (Legumonoseae)

Plant part used of Tephrosin

Leaves

Uses of Tephrosin

Toxic to fish, insects, and crustaceae but is non-toxic to humans

[Isoflavonoid G] SN of Sophoricoside

Sophora japonica (Legumonoseae)

Plant part used of Sophoricoside

Green pods

Uses of Sophoricoside

Not reported

[Isoflavonoid G] SN of Prunetrin

Prunus avium L (Rodaceae)

Plant part used of Prunetrin

Bark

Uses of Prunetrin

Not reported

[Anthocyanidin G] SN of Pelargonidin

Pleargonium graveolens and Pleargonium roseum (Geraniaceae)

Plant part used of Pelargonidin

Flowers

[Anthocyanidin G] SN of Cyanidin

Althaea roaea (Malvaceae)

Plant part used of Cyanidin

Flowers

[Anthocyanidin G] SN of Peonidin

Peony officinalis Linn (Ranunculaceae)

Plant part used of Peonidin

Tubers

[Anthocyanidin G] SN of Delphinidin

Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae)

Plant part used of Delphinidin

Whortleberry

[Anthocyanidin G] SN of Petunidin

Petunia hybrida (Solanaceae)

Plant part used of Petunidin

Flowers

[Anthocyanidin G] SN of Malvidin

Malva sylvestris Linn (Malvaceae)

Plant part used of Malvidin

Flowers

[Cyanogenic G] Linamarin

Manihot esculenta

[Cyanogenic G] Linustatin, Amygdalin, Prunasin

Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae)

[Thioglycosides] Sinigrin

Brassica nigra Linn (Brassicaceae)

Plant part used of Sinigrin

Dried ripe seeds

[Saponin G]

ANG DAMI PLS

Test for unsaturated glycone

[Cardiac G] Kedde's Test - (+) reddish-brown color to blue or purple solution; microcentrifuge tube

Test for 2-deoxy sugar

[Cardiac G] Keller-Kelliani Test - (+) Reddish-brown color to purple solution; glass test tube

Test for unsaturated steroids

[Cardiac G] Liebermann Burchard Test - (+) Blue to green, red, pink, purple, or violet solution after one hour

The aqueous filtrate will be extracted twice with 5mL of benzene, combined with extracts and divided into two.

[Anthraquinones] Borntrager's Test

To 1 mL of diluted extract Add 5 mL of 0.5M potassium hydroxide and 1 mL of 5% hydrogen peroxide. The resulting mixture will be heated for ten minutes over a steam bath and filtered. The filtrate will be acidified with glacial acetic acid and the acid filtrate will be extracted twice with five mL portion of combined benzene extract and divided into two portions.

[Anthraquinones] Modified Borntrager's Test

Test for the presence of honeycomb froth

[Saponins] Froth Test

Immerse the capillary tubes into the two test tubes. The first containing distilled water and the second containing the fraction/ extract both with equidistant height. After some time, measure the levels of the liquid in both capillary tubes

[Saponins] Capillary Test Tube Test

Other tests for Saponins

Test with baryta water Lead acetate test Fehling's Test with HCl Fehling's Test Salkowski's Test - conc. sulfuric acid Fluorescence Test - conc sulfuric acid + few drops of FeCl3

Preparation of Sodium picrate solution. Prepare 100 mL solution by dissolving 5 g sodium carbonate and 0.5 g picric acid in enough water.

[Cyanophore G] Guignard Test

Test for leucoanthocyanins

[Flavonoids] Bate-Smith Metcalf Test - (+) Strong red or violet color

Test for Y-benzopyrene nucleus

[Flavonoids] Wilstatter "cyanidin" Test - (+) Red, crimson, magenta, green to blue coloration

Glycosides Flashcards

(114 cards)