GnRH Pulse Generator + Female Anatomy Review

Question 1

What is the sex determining region of the Y chromosome?

Answer 1

SRY gene

Question 2

SRY gene turns on SOX-9 through the testis-determining factor which stimulates _________ formation.

Answer 2

sertoli cell

Question 3

Sertoli cells convert _______ –> _______.

Answer 3

testosterone –> estradiol (E2)

Question 4

What do sertoli cells produce?

Answer 4

anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

Question 5

What is the function of the anti-mullerian hormone?

Answer 5

inhibits development of paramesonephric (mullerian) duct system so female does not develop

Question 6

(T/F) Females lack an SRY gene.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Fetal testes “defeminize” the brain through ________.

Answer 7

testosterone

Question 8

What is different about female brain development that is not present in males?

Answer 8

GnRH surge center develops in hypothalamus

Question 9

In the male, ______ defeminizes the hypothalamus so no GnRH surge center develops.

Answer 9

estradiol

Question 10

(T/F) Testosterone cannot cross the blood-brain barrier while estradiol can.

Answer 10

False - opposite

Question 11

What is it called when twin placentae of male and female fuse?

Answer 11

freemartin calf

Question 12

What is the clinical significance of a Freemartin calf?

Answer 12

AMH can cross over into female and cause issues with the repro tract (ex. genetically female with abnormal male behavior)

Question 13

What is different about the horse ovary?

Answer 13

medulla on outside
only ovulate in ovulation fossa

Question 14

______ are responsible for “defeminizing” the brain through testosterone.

Answer 14

fetal testes

Question 15

The yolk sac and fetal liver produces ________ which can bind to estrogen but not testosterone. (part of process of fetal brain development)

Answer 15

alpha fetoprotein

Question 16

When is testosterone converted to estrogen in the male?

Answer 16

when in developing brain

Question 17

(T/F) Males have a tonic release of reproductive hormones rather than a surge.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube?

Answer 18

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus

Question 19

3 layers of the uterus from superficial to deep.

Answer 19

1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium

Question 20

_______ are developed in the endometrium of ruminants.

Answer 20

caruncles

Question 21

Where are prostaglandins produced in the uterus?

Answer 21

endometrium

Question 22

Which two species has circular folds or rings of the cervix? Which has only rings?

Answer 22

ruminant
pig

Question 23

Term for discrete areas on endometrium where placenta will attach.

Answer 23

caruncle

Question 24

Caruncles are (concave/convex) in the cow and (concave/convex) in the ewe.

Answer 24

convex
concave

Question 25

Which species has no folds of the cervix? Clinical significance?

Answer 25

mare easy to AI

Question 26

Which species is the cervical canal almost vertical?

Answer 26

bitch

Question 27

________ dominance thickens mucosa of the vagina.

Answer 27

estrogen

Question 28

(T/F) The ruminant does not have a fornix in the cranial vagina.

Answer 28

False - sow

Question 29

In the mare, what site is cultured for Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)?

Answer 29

clitoris

Question 30

The penis of the ruminant and boar is considered ________ while the horse's is _________.

Answer 30

fibroelastic musculocavernosus

Question 31

Shape of boar glans penis

Answer 31

corkscrew

Question 32

Small ruminants have a prominent _______ of the glans penis.

Answer 32

urethral process

Question 33

List the species with ampullae (accessory sex glands).

Answer 33

bull stallion

Question 34

List which species have vesicular glands.

Answer 34

bull stallion boar

Question 35

(T/F) All domestic mammals have a prostate.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What is the only domestic mammal which does not have bulbourethral glands?

Answer 36

dog

Question 37

What two things produce seminal plasma?

Answer 37

epididymis accessory sex glands

Question 38

Which species have coagulative properties or "gel" of their seminal plasma?

Answer 38

boar stallion

Question 39

Seminal plasma uses _______ as an energy source.

Answer 39

fructose

Question 40

_______ are within seminal plasma which react with cervical mucous and increase smooth muscle contraction.

Answer 40

prostaglandins

Question 41

Temperature regulation is important in the testes as they need a (lower/higher) temperature than the rest of the body.

Answer 41

lower