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Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone is a ________ produced in the hypothalamus.

A

decapeptide

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2
Q

GnRH is made of a ______ and a ______ center.

A

tonic
surge

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3
Q

The tonic center of GnRH consists of what two nuclei?

A

ventromedial + arcuate

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4
Q

The surge center of GnRH consists of what 3 nuclei?

A
  1. preoptic
  2. anterior hypothalamic
  3. suprachiasmic
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5
Q

GnRH targets _______ in the anterior pituitary to release ______ and _____.

A

gonadotropic cells
FSH + LH

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6
Q

Product used in dairy industry to treat cystic ovaries and induce mare ovulation.

A

cystorelin

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7
Q

2 types of GnRH products

A

cystorelin
ovuplant

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8
Q

Term for deslorelin implant used in horses which can extend their interovulatory period.

A

ovuplant

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9
Q

What kind of molecule is FSH?

A

glycoprotein

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10
Q

(T/F) FSH has alpha and beta subunits while LH does not.

A

False - both have a + B subunits

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11
Q

Which subunit of FSH is active?

A

beta subunit

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12
Q

FSH stimulates ________ in the male and ________ in the female.

A

spermatogenesis
folliculogenesis

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13
Q

Function of LH in males? Females?

A

Male: stimulates testosterone production from leydig cells

Female: LH surge –> ovulation + maintain corpus luteum

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14
Q

What hormone has LH activity and stimulates ovulation in humans?

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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15
Q

How soon does LH produce testosterone after stimulation?

A

30 minutes

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16
Q

What 3 things produce progesterone (P4)?

A
  1. corpus luteum
  2. placenta (ewe, mare)
  3. adrenal gland
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17
Q

Progesterone is a ______ hormone with __ carbons.

A

steroid
21

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18
Q

Progesterone helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy by doing what?

A

increases uterine glands and secretions (histiotroph)

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19
Q

List functions of progesterone. (5)

A
  1. prepare uterus for pregnancy
  2. maintain pregnancy
  3. decrease smooth muscle contractions
  4. develop mammary gland secretions
  5. inhibit GnRH secretion
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20
Q

What progesterone product is used in mares?

A

regu-mate

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21
Q

_______ are vaginal inserts which release progesterone to synchronize estrus.

A

CIDRs

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22
Q

Testosterone is a steroid with ____ carbons.

A

19

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23
Q

General term for testosterone

A

androgens

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24
Q

What form of testosterone is biologically active?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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25
Testosterone and estrogen in the blood have negative feedback on _______.
GnRH
26
What two effects does testosterone have on the body?
1. develop secondary sex characteristics 2. sexual behavior
27
What testosterone product is used in race horses and show horses?
equipose
28
Exogenous androgens are anabolic steroids that are enforced federally and at state-level, considered __________ drugs.
schedule III
29
Exogenous androgens (stimulate/inhibit) spermatogenesis.
inhibit
30
Estrogens are named for the number of ________ groups.
hydroxyl (OH)
31
Match the name of the estrogen to have many hydroxyl groups it has: 1 2 3
1: estrone 2. estradiol 3. estriol
32
What 3 things produce estrogens?
1. ovarian follicles 2. adrenal gland 3. placenta
33
Estrogens have (positive/negative) feedback on _____ in the hypothalamus.
positive GnRH
34
List the functions of estrogen. (5)
1. produce GnRH surge (positive feedback) 2. smooth muscle contraction 3. mammary gland duct development 4. secondary sex characteristics 5. sexual behavior
35
List 3 environmental estrogens.
1. phytoestrogens 2. zearalenone 3. bisphenol A
36
Which environmental estrogen is a mycotoxin? What does it affect?
zearalenone swine production
37
Which environmental estrogen has effects on humans, wild, and domestic animals?
bisphenol A
38
Which environmental estrogen is in legumes such as clover?
phytoestrogens
39
(T/F) Environmental estrogens can have an additive or increased effect.
True
40
Prostaglandins are a ________ derivative.
arachidonic acid
41
What enzymes are important in prostaglandin synthesis?
COX 1 + 2
42
_______ inhibits COX enzymes and therefore, _______ production
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) prostaglandin
43
_____ is produced by the endometrium in the absence of an embryo in large animals.
PGF2a
44
If there is no pregnancy and therefore no maternal recognition signal, what occurs?
luteolysis (break down corpus luteum)
45
4 functions of prostaglandins.
1. luteolysis 2. smooth muscle contraction 3. ovulation 4. parturition
46
(T/F) Prostaglandins have a relatively long half-life.
False - very short
47
_____ prostaglandin is in the ovary, uterus, and embryonic membranes and involved in ovulation and corpus luteum.
PGE2 (prostaglandin E2)
48
What kind of molecule is oxytocin?
octapeptide
49
What two places is oxytocin produced?
paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus ovary
50
3 functions of oxytocin.
1. induce parturition (mares) 2. uterine contractions 3. role in luteolysis
51
What hormone has a role in parturition and is used to induce parturition in cattle?
corticosteroids
52
What is a specific corticosteroid drug used clinically?
dexamethasone
53
Prolactin is a large _______ hormone.
protein
54
3 functions of prolactin.
1. lactation 2. maternal behavior 3. maintain CL (some species)
55
What effect can growth hormone have in cattle?
effect milk production
56
What hormone has a similar structure as GH and involved in mammary gland development?
placental lactogen
57
______ is produced by granulosa and sertoli cells.
inhibin
58
What kind of molecule is inhibin?
glycoprotein
59
Inhibit has effects on ______.
FSH
60
What species is relaxin an ovarian source? Placental source?
ovarian: cow, pig placental: horse, cat, dog
61
What is produced by endometrial cups in the equine uterus?
eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin)
62
What is eCG detectable in pregnant horses?
day 40 of pregnancy
63
eCG was formerly known as _______.
PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)
64
eCG is associated with _______ on ovaries.
secondary corpora lutea
65
What is the clinical significance of secondary corpora lutea on horses?
need multiple PG injections to abort fetus

Reproductive Physiology (5 decks)

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