GOA Flashcards
(333 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the skin
A
Protection
Insulation
Receptors
Aids in homeostasis
Thermoregulation
Excretion of waste
Synthesis of vit. D
Oil secretion
Cosmesis
2
Q
most superficial layer of the epidermis
A
Corneum
3
Q
layer of the epidermis that contains keratin and is water-proof
A
corneum
4
Q
A thin layer of the epidermis that resists pressure
A
Lucidum
5
Q
Where can lucidum be found in the body?
A
palms
soles
6
Q
What does stratum granulosum do?
A
Water and heat retention
7
Q
Layer of the epidermis containing the Langerhan’s cells
A
Spinosum
8
Q
Layer of the epidermis containing the most melanocytes
A
Basale
9
Q
Cells responsible for immune response
A
Langerhans’s cells
10
Q
where in the dermis can the receptors be found?
A
papillary region
11
Q
How much of the dermis does the papillary region make up for?
A
one-third
12
Q
this layer provides strength and extensibility to the dermis
A
Reticular region
13
Q
receptors responsible for pain, touch, pressure, and temperature
A
Free-nerve endings
14
Q
receptors responsible for light touch
A
Merkel’s disc
15
Q
receptors responsible for discriminative touch
A
Meissner’s corpuscle
16
Q
receptors responsible for heat
A
Ruffini’s endings
17
Q
receptors responsible for cold
A
Krause-end bulb
18
Q
receptors responsible for vibration and pressure
A
Pacinian corpuscle
19
Q
Functions of the subcutaneous tissue
A
Support
Insulation
Cushion
Source/storage of energy
20
Q
course, thick, long, and pigmented hair
A
Terminal hair
21
Q
where can terminal hair be found?
A
scalp, eyelash, eyebrow, pubic area
22
Q
fine, short, and unpigmented hair
A
vellus hair
23
Q
where can vellus hair be found?
A
Arms, chest, cheeks
24
Q
another name for eccrine glands
A
Herocrin glands
25
function of eccrine glands
thermoregulation
26
where can apocrine glands be found?
Axilla
Genital area
27
when are apocrine glands activated?
stress
28
These are modified apocrine glands that produces ear wax
Ceruminous glands
29
These are modified apocrine glands that produce milk
Mammary glands
30
burn that only affects the epidermis
1st-degree/Superficial
31
S/Sx of 1st-degree burn
no blisters
pink or red in color
32
A type of burn that affects the receptors
Superficial-partial thickness burn
33
S/Sx of superficial-partial thickness burn
bright red in color
intact blisters
moderate edema
painful
34
A type of burn that affects the epidermis and the whole dermis
Deep-partial thickness burn
35
S/Sx of deep-partial thickness burns
not painful
waxy red/white
broken blisters
36
Range of damage in full-thickness burn
epidermis to hypodermis
37
A type of burn that burns through the hypodermis and includes muscle damage
Subdermal/4th degree burn
38
burn assessment tool for chronic patients
Lund & Browder
39
burn assessment tool for emergency
Rule of Nines
40
Injuries in the skin and underlying tissue due to prolonged pressure on the skin
pressure ulcer
41
a stage of pressure ulcer presenting with blood-filled blisters that are maroon or purple in color
Suspected deep tissue injury
42
S/Sx of stage 1 pressure ulcer
intact skin
redness
non-blanchable
43
S/Sx of stage 2 pressure ulcer
possiblity of partial-thickness skin loss
skin abrasion
shallow crater
44
S/Sx of stage 3 pressure ulcer
full-thickness skin loss
deep crater
45
S/Sx of stage 4 pressure ulcer
similar to stage 3 but includes muscle damage
46
S/Sx of unstageable pressure ulcer
covered in slough or eschar
47
Moist, soft, and often loosely adherent, indicating ongoing inflammatory response and tissue repair.
slough
48
Dry, firm, and firmly adherent, signifying the end stage of tissue necrosis and non-viable tissue
Eschar
49
What is the treatment for pressure ulcer
debridement
50
Dagger bone
Sternum
51
Vertebral landmark of xiphoid process
T10
52
Vertebral landmark of superior border of scapula
T1
53
Vertebral landmark of inferior angle of scapula
T7
53
True ribs
1st seven pairs
54
False ribs
8
9
10
55
Floating ribs
11
12
56
How are the true ribs attached to the sternum?
Through costal cartilages
57
Atypical rib
1st rib
58
shape of typical ribs
Superior: round
Inferior: sharp and thin
59
Cause of thoracic outlet syndrome
impingement of the 1st cervical rib or pressure over the subclavian artery
60
these provides attachment from ribs to the sternum
Costal cartilages
61
this action of the ribs increases the antero-posterior diameter of the ribs
Pump-handle (up and down action)
62
Ribs that do pump-handle
1-6
63
this action of the ribs increases the lateral diameter of the ribs
Bucket-handle
64
Ribs that do bucket-handle
7-10
65
this action of the ribs does not increase the diameter
Caliper motion
66
ribs that do the caliper motion
11-12
67
Inflammation of the costal cartillages
Costochondritis/Tietze's syndrome
68
posterior boundary of the thoracic outlet
T1 vertebra
69
lateral boundary of the thoracic outlet
medial border of the first rib and costal cartilage
70
anterior boundary of the thoracic outlet
superior border of the manubrium
71
tent-shaped fibrous sheet on the upper part of the lungs
Suprapleural membrane
72
Where does the suprapleural membrane attach to?
laterally to the medial border of the 1st rib and costal cartilage
73
Function of the suprapleural membrane
protects the cervical pleura
helps resist changes in intrathoracic pressure
74
where is the heart located?
in the mediastinum
75
What is the orientation of the heart?
Oriented to the left with the right side more anterior
76
Outside covering of the heart
epicardium
77
heart muscle
myocardium
78
Innermost covering of the heart
Endocardium
79
Area where the heartbeat can be heart the loudest
Point of Maximal Impulse/Apex/LV
80
Borders of the heart
Right: RA, SVC, IVC
Inferior: LV, RV
Left: LV, L auricle
Superior: RA, LA, R auricles
81
only vein that carries oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein
82
Only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
83
Groove between the RA and right auricle
Sulcus terminalis
84
Ridge inside the sulcus terminalis
Crista terminalis
85
This roughens the RA
Musculi pectinati
86
This is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body
Superior Vena Cava
87
This is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body
Inferior Vena Cava
88
This vein drains blood from the heart wall
Coronary sinus
89
Where is the coronary sinus located?
Inside the RA between IVC and and AV auricle
90
It is the junction where the RV forms as a funnel
Infundibulum
91
This part of the heart is the ridge to the RV and makes the heart look like a sponge
Trabeculae Carneae
92
What does the trabeculae carneae do?
Increase contractility
Aid in blood flow
93
Heart strings
Chordae Tendineae
94
Functions of the chordae tendineae
prevent inversion or prolapse of valves
95
How thick is the LV?
3x thicker than the RV because it pumps blood to the system
96
How high is the intraventricular pressure in LV?
6 times than RV
97
Papillary muscles in the RV
Anterior
Posterior
Septal
98
largest and most prominent papillary muscle in the RV
anterior
99
smallest papillary muscle in the RV
septal
100
Papillary muscles in the LV
anterior
posterior
101
Primary pacemaker of the heart
SA node
102
range of HR when the SA node is active
60-100 bpm
103
What does the SA node do?
Controls the beating of the heart and initiates depolarization
104
This node is the passageway of signals
AV node
105
another name for AV node
Junctional node
106
most common site of heart block
AV node
107
This is when the heart cannot contract properly due to the poor signals
Heart block
108
Another name for AV bundle
Bundle of His
109
Location of the bundle of his
IV septum
110
What nerve group supplies the cardiac plexus?
Autonomic Nervous System
111
What is the nerve supply of the cervical and upper thoracic portion of the trunk
Sympathetic
112
Large veins of the thorax
Brachiocephalic
SVC
Azygos
IVC
Pulmonary
113
Large arteries of the thorax
Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Descending Thoracic Aorta
Pulmonic artery
114
Branches of the arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic
L Common Carotid
L subclavian
Descending aorta
115
Branches of the brachiocephalic artery
R Common Carotid
R Subclavian
116
Branches of the R Common Carotid artery
R Ext. Carotid
R Int. Carotid
117
Branches of the R Subclavian
Axillary artery
Vertebral artery
118
Branch of the axillary artery
Brachial artery
119
Branches of the brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
120
Branch of the Vertebral artery
Basilar artery
121
Branch of the Basilar artery
PCA
122
Branches of the descending aorta
Posterior intercostal artery
Subcostal artery
Thoracic aorta
123
Branches of the thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Common Iliac artery
124
Branches of the Common Iliac artery
External Iliac artery
Interna Iliac artery
125
Branch of the Internal Iliac artery
Lumbosacral plexus
126
Branch of the External Iliac Artery
Femoral artery
127
Branch of the Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
128
Branches of the Popliteal artery
Anterior Tibial artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
129
Primary muscle for respiration
Diaphragm
130
Shape of the diaphragm
Dome-shaped
131
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
Flattens
132
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
Recoils back to dome shape
133
Innervation of the diaphragm
C3, C5, and branch of the phrenic nerve
134
3 parts of the diaphragm
Sternal
Costal
Vertebral
135
This part of the diaphragm that arises from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process
Sternal
136
This part of the diaphragm that arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six ribs and their costal cartilages
Costal
137
This part of the diaphragm that arises from the vertebral columns or crura and from the arcuate ligaments of the spine
Vertebral
138
location of the domes of the diaphragm
Right: reaches the upper border of the 5th rib
Left: reaches the lower border of the 5th rib
139
Openings of the diaphragm
Aortic
Esophageal
Caval
140
How does the Serratus Posterior Superior help in respiration?
It elevates the ribs, helping during inspiration
141
How does the Serratus Posterior Inferior help in respiration?
It depresses the ribs, helping during expiration
142
Primary muscle of inspiration
Diaphragm
143
Accessory muscles of inspiration
Scalenes (A, M, P)
SCM
Pec Major and Minor
Serratus Anterior
Lats Dorsi
144
Primary muscles of expiration
None; passive recoil of the lungs
145
Accessory muscles of expiration
Internal Intercostals
Abdominals
Transversus Thoracis
146
A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside wall of the chest cavity
Pleura
147
Covering of the lungs that is sensitive to stretch
Visceral pleura
148
Innervation of the pulmonary plexus
ANS
149
Membrane that covers the thoracic wall that is sensitive to pain and pressure
Parietal pleura
150
A slit-like space that separates both pleura
Pleural cavity
151
Divisions of the parietal pleura
Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
152
This division of the pleura that lines the ICS, costal cartilages, and inner surfaces of all ribs
Costal pleura
153
This division of the pleura that covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
154
Innervation of the mediastinal pleura
Phrenic nerve
155
This division of the pleura that covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic pleura
156
what innervates the R & L domes of the lungs
Phrenic nerve
157
Mobile cartilaginous pipe that serves as the passageway for air
Trachea
158
Another name for trachea
Windpipe
159
Where does the trachea start?
neck as continuation of the larynx
160
Where does the trachea end?
below the carina by dividing into the right and left principal bronchus
161
Blood supply of the trachea
Upper 2/3: Inferior thyroid arteries
Lower 1/3: Bronchial arteries
162
Nerve supply of the trachea
R and L Vagus nerve
Recurrent Pharyngeal nerves
163
Distinguishing feature of the R Principal Bronchus
wider and shorter
more vertical
1 in long
164
What happens during aspiration?
The food goes into the bronchus instead of esophagus
165
Most common site of aspiration
R principal bronchus
166
Distinguishing feature of the L Principal Bronchus
Narrower and longer
More horizontal
2 in long
167
Shape of the bronchopulmonary segment
Pyramid shape with its apex toward the lung root
168
The bronchopulmonary segment contains the
Segmental brocbus
Segmental artery
Lymph vessels
Autonomic nerves
169
Where are the segmental veins located?
Lies in the connective tissue between adjacent bronchopulmonary segments
170
What does the segmental veins do?
Carry deoxygenated blood towards the SVC
171
Lobes and divisions of the R Lung
Superior lobe: Apical, posterior, anterior
Middle lobe: Lateral, medial
Inferior lobe: Superior (apical), medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal
172
Lobes and divisions of the L lung
Superior lobe: Apical, posterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular
Inferior lobe: Superior (apical), medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal
173
Anterior border that is thin and overlaps the heart and provides space for your heart
Cardiac notch
174
Where can the cariac notch be found?
Left lung
175
A depression in which the bronchi, vessels, and nerves that form and the root enter and leave the lung
Hilum
176
Total Lung Capacity
6,000 mL
177
Vital Capacity
4,500 mL
178
Residual Volume
1,500 mL
179
Inspiratory Capacity
3,500 mL
180
Functional Residual Capacity
2,500 mL
181
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
3,000 mL
182
Tidal Volume
500 mL
183
Expiratory Reserve Volume
1,000 mL
184
Functions of the digestive system
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion of food
Digestive breakdown of food
185
Digestion via movement of digestive organs
Mechanical digestion
186
Digestion via chemical enzymes
Chemical digestion
187
A tube through which food pass and where digestion and absorption occur
GI tract
188
GI tract is composed of
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Small intestine
Large intestine
189
Organs that help in digestion but through which food never passes through
Accessory organs
190
Accessory organs compose of
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
191
Layers of the GI wall
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
192
Innermost layer of the GI wall
Mucosa
193
3 divisions of the Mucosa
Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae
194
Division of the mucosa that is in direct contact with the contents of GIT
Epithelium
195
Type of epithelium that lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal
Stratified squamous epithelium
196
Type of epithelium that lines the stomach and intestines
Simple columnar epithelium
197
located in epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Exocrine cells
198
located in epithelial cells that secretes hormones
Endocrine cells
199
Division of epithelium that is thin and flat
Lamina propria
200
What is found below the lamina propria
Areolar connective tissue
201
What does the areolar connective tissue contain?
Blood and lymphatic vessels
202
Division of the epithelium that is a thin layer of smooth muscle
Muscularis Mucosae
203
Function of muscularis mucosae
throws muscle membrane of the stomach and small intestines into many small folds
204
Layer of the GI wall that binds muscosa to the muscularis
Submucosa
205
Layer of the GI wall that is smooth muscle in most of the GIT and connected to the mucosa by the submucosa
Muscularis
206
Shape of the inner layer of the muscularis
Circular
207
Shape of the outer layer of the muscularis
Longitudinal
208
What is the mouth and esophagus used for in digestion?
Swallowing
209
What is the external anal sphincter used for in digestion?
voluntary defecation
210
This is the process of breaking down of food through involuntary muscle contraction mixing it with digestive secretions to propel the food along the tract
Peristalsis
211
Most superficial layer of the GIT and abdominal cavity
Serosa
212
What does the serosa form?
Extension of greater omentum and mesentery
213
Apron-like fold of the visceral peritoneum which prevents the parietal
and visceral peritoneum of abdominal
cavity from adhering to each other
Greater Omentum
214
Attaches the intestines to the
posterior abdominal wall and is formed
by a double fold of peritoneum
Mesentery
215
What forms the mouth?
Cheeks and tongue
216
Anterior portion of the mouth
Hard palate
217
Posterior portion of the moth
Soft palate
218
What forms the anterior portion of mouth?
Maxilla and palatine bones
219
U-shape
Uvula
220
Accessory organ that maneuvers food for chewing
Tongue
221
Where are the lingual tonsils found?
Base of the tongue
222
What are the three pairs of major salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
223
largest pair of salivary glands
Parotid
224
location of parotid salivary glands
Inferior and anterior to the ears
225
Major salivary glands located at the floor of the mouth
Submandibular
226
exact or specific location of the submandibular salivary glands
medial and inferior to the mandible
227
Location of the sublingual salivary glands
Inferior to the tongue and superior the submandibular glands
228
Composition of saliva
99.5% water
0.5% salivary amylase, mucus, and other solutes
229
Types of protein secreted by the saliva
Serous secretion
Mucus secretion
230
Enzyme digesting starch secretion
Serous secretions
231
Protein secreted by saliva that gives moisture and binding
Mucus secretions
232
enzyme responsible for digesting starch
Salivary amylase
233
Enzyme responsible for forming bolus
Mucin
234
What does the Sympathetic nervous system do in salivary production?
increase production of saliva
235
What does the Parasympathetic nervous system do in salivary production
decrease production of saliva
236
Normal salivary production per day
1000-1500 mL
237
Accessory organs found in the bony sockets of mandible and maxillary
Teeth
238
External regions of the teeth
Crown
Root
Neck
239
External regions of the teeth found above the gums
Crown
240
External regions of the teeth embedded in the socket
Root
241
External regions of the teeth found between the crown and the root
neck
242
3 layers of material of the teeth
Enamel
Dentin
Pulp cavity
243
Layer of the material of the teeth which is the hardest substance in the body
Enamel
244
Where can the enamel be found?
Usually above the crown
245
Layer of the material of the teeth which is situated majority inferior to the tooth
Dentin
246
Layer of the material of the teeth which contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Pulp cavity
247
2 sets of human teeth
Deciduous
Permanent
248
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
249
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
250
When are deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
6-12 y/o
251
A type of teeth used to cut food
Incisor
252
A type of teeth used to tear food
Cuspids (canines)
253
A type of teeth used for crushing and grinding food
Premolars
254
A type of teeth with the same function as premolars but is more abundant
Molars
255
Number of incisors
8; 4 on each side
256
Number of cuspids, canines
4; 2 on each side
257
Number of premolars
8; 4 on each side
258
Number of molars
12; 6 on each side
259
Food mixed with saliva
bolus
260
What happens during chemical digestion?
Salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides and broken down into mastose and larger fragments
261
How long does chemical digestion last?
Continues in the stomach for about an hour until acid inactivates amylase
262
Stages of swallowing
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
263
What happens in voluntary stage of swallowing?
Passageway of bolus to oropharynx
Receptors in pharynx stimulate deglutition center in the lower pons and medulla oblongata
264
What happens pharyngeal stage?
Movement of bolus from oropharynx to esophagus
Soft palate moves up and epiglottis moves down to prevent aspiration
265
Fastest stage of swallowing
Pharyngeal stage
266
What happens during Esophageal stage?
Passage of food to your stomach by Peristalsis
267
Funnel-shaped tube that extends from
internal nares to esophagus
Pharynx
268
Divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
269
Divisions with functions for both digestive and respiratory
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
270
Collapsible muscular tube that is located posteriorly in the trachea
Esophagus
271
Length of the esophagus
25 cm (10 in)
272
Voluntary esophageal sphincter that controls entry of food from oropharynx to esophagus and is voluntary
Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
273
Esophageal sphincter responsible for the entry of food to your stomach
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
274
What happens when there is an affectation of LES?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
275
J-shaped enlargement of the GIT
Stomach
276
Function of the stomach
Mixing chamber and holding reservoir
277
How much food can the stomach accomodate?
4 L
278
4 regions of the stomach
Cordia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
279
Region of the stomach that surrounds the upper opening of the stomach
Cordia
280
Location of fundus
Superior and to the left of cordia
281
The large central region of the stomach
Body
282
Lower part of the stomach leading to the duodenum
Pylorus
283
Last passageway of the stomach; connects pylorus to duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
284
First part of the small intestine
Duodenum
285
This is formed when food in the stomach mixes with gastric juices
Chyme
286
Acid responsible in forming Chyme
Hydrochloric acid
287
Enzyme responsible for digesting protein
Pepsin
288
Enzyme responsible for digestion of fat or triglycerides
Gastric lipase
289
What is the orientation of the pylorus?
Facing to the right
290
Folds in the stomach
Rugae
291
Layer of the stomach wall containing gastric glands lining the gastric pits
Mucosa
292
Layer of the stomach wall that are divided into 2 tubular glands
Secretory cells
293
Shape of the outer layer of the muscularis in the stomach wall
Longitudinal
294
Shape of the middle layer of the muscularis in the stomach wall
Circular
295
Shape of the inner layer of the muscularis in the stomach wall
Oblique
296
Outermost layer of the stomach wall
Serous membrane
297
Extensions of the serous membrane of the stomach
Greater Omentum
Mesentery
298
location of the Pancreas
behind the stomach
Head: nearer to stomach or duodenum
Tail: nearer to the body of the stomach
299
Largest internal organ
Liver
300
Location of liver
RUQ below diaphragm
301
Bile production and pathway
Bile canaliculi
Bile ducts
Hepatic duct
Gall bladder
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Duodenum
302
What cells produce bile?
Hepatocytes (liver cells)
303
Functional unit of the liver
Lobule
304
Functions of Bile
Emulsification
Absorption of fats
305
Liver functions
Carbs metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Excretion of bilirubin
Stores vit ADEK and minerals
Activates vit D
306
Length of SI
10 ft long
307
Length of jejunum
3 ft
308
Length of Ileum
up to 6 ft long
309
Structures of the large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
310
Where is the appendix located?
RLQ
311
Lactose is formed by
Glucose + galactose
312
Maltose is formed by
Glucose + glucose
313
Sucrose is formed by
Glucose + fructose
314
Muscle/s that open the mouth
External/Lateral pterygoid
315
Function of duodenum
Neutralizes acid in food
316
Function of jejunum
Absorbs water, protein and nutrients
317
Function of ileum
Absorbs bile and intrinsic factor
318
What can be found in the LLQ
Descending colon
319
What can be found in the RUQ
Gall bladder
Liver
Head of pancreas
320
What can be found at the RLQ
Appendix
321
What can be found at the LUQ?
Stomach
Tail of pancreas
Spleen
322
What do you call the pain on LUQ accompanied by shoulder pain
Kehr's sign
323
Organs of the urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
324
Location of the kidneys
At the level T12 to L3
325
What kidney is higher?
Left
326
Coverings of the kidney
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
327
Triangular regions of tissue inside the renal medulla
Medullary pyramids
328
Extensions of cortex-like material inward
Renal columns
329
Cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis
Calyces
330
Functional units of kidneys
Nephrons
331
How much of resting CO goes to the kidneys
20-25%
332
