Neuro Flashcards
(380 cards)
1
Q
Two cells that make up the brain
A
Neurons
Glial cells
2
Q
Types of glial cells in the brain
A
Fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
3
Q
Gray matter covers
A
Interior of the SC
Exterior of the brain
4
Q
White matter covers the
A
Exterior of the SC
Interior of the brain
5
Q
Provides communication within the gray matter and to the outside
A
White matter
6
Q
Where the actual processing occur
A
Gray matter
7
Q
Where does the spinal cord exit
A
Foramen of Magnum
8
Q
Where does the SC end?
A
L1 and L2
9
Q
Parts of the forebrain
A
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Hypothalamus
10
Q
Function of the diencephalon
A
Relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
Regulates sleep, consciousness, and awareness
11
Q
Order of meninges from superficial to deep
A
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Brain
12
Q
Potential spaces in the brain
A
Epidural space
Subdural space
13
Q
What artery can be found in the Epidural space?
A
Middle Meningeal artery
14
Q
What can be found in the Subdural space?
A
bridging veins that connect the dura mater to the arachnoid membrane
15
Q
Only real space
A
Subarachnoid space
16
Q
What can be found in the subarachnoid space?
A
Circle of Willis
17
Q
Where does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
A
Grooves in the cranium
18
Q
It is where the meninges enter
A
Falx Cerebri
19
Q
What does the Tentorium Cerebelli do?
A
separates the brain stem and cerebellum from the diencephalon and cerebral cortex
20
Q
Structures found above the Tentorium Cerebelli
A
Supratentorial
21
Q
Structures found below the Tentorium Cerebelli
A
Infratentorial
22
Q
Damages in the supratentorial structures result in
A
Contralateral effects
23
Q
Damages in the infratentorial structures result in
A
Ipsilateral effects
24
Q
The ventricles of the brain are lined by
A
Ependymal cells
25
What does the ventricles of the brain do?
Transport, produce, and remove CSF
26
The lateral ventricle contains the following
Frontal horn
Temporal horn
Posterior horn
27
What connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?
Foramen of Monroe
28
Where can the 3rd ventricle be located?
In the diencephalon; medial to thalamyn
29
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Aqueduct of Sylvius
30
What is the roof and floor of the 4th ventricle?
Roof: Cerebellum
Floor: Pons
31
2 openings of the 4th ventricle
Luschka
Magendie
32
Area where the ventricular system is found
Area 1
33
Area where the sub arachnoid area is found
Area 2
34
How does the ventricular system communicate with the sub arachnoid space?
Through the foramen of Luschka and Magendie
35
CSF production per hr
20-24 mL
36
CSF production per day
400-500 mL
37
CSF excretion per hr
20-24 mL
38
Where is the CSF excreted?
Arachnoid granulations
39
Openings in the dura mater
Venous sinuses
40
What can be found in the Falx cerebri?
Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
41
Clinical S/Sx of Hydrocephalus
Sunset eyes
Inc CSF
Ataxia
Dementia
42
How much blood can the brain accomodate?
150 mL
43
What structures does the ant circulation supply?
Cerebral hemispheres and deinephalon
44
Structures of the ant ciruclation
Internal Carotid artery (ICA)
45
What structures does the post circulation supply?
Brain stem and cerebellum
Occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus
46
Where does the MCA originate?
comes out laterally from the anterior circulation
47
What structure does the MCA supply?
lateral aspect of the cortex
48
Areas supplied by the superior division of the MCA
Frontal lobe
Area 4
Broca's area
Areas 6-8
Areas 3, 1, 2
49
Areas supplied by the inferior division of the MCA
Parietal lobe
Superior and middle temporal gyrus
Areas 39 and 40
Areas 5-7
50
What are the smaller vessels that supply the diencephalon?
Candelabra branches of the MCA
51
Largest candelabra branches of the MCA
lenticulostriate or lateral striate artery
52
Arteries that supply all of the pons and midbrain
Deep penetrating branches of the Basilar artery
53
Where can the ACA be found?
medially in the cortex
54
What structure does the ACA loop around?
Corpus Callosum
55
What structures does the ACA supply?
Medial cortex (except occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus)
56
What artery supplies the occipital lobe and the inferior temporal gyrus?
PCA
57
What are the structures supplied by the PCA?
Occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus
Hippocampus
58
What structures does the PCA supply?
Occipital lobe
Inferior and medial temporal lobes
Thalamus
Midbrain
59
What brodmann's areas does the MCA’s superior division supply?
Area 4
Broca's area (44 and 45)
Areas 6-8
Areas 3, 1, 2
60
What effects does damage to the PCA do?
Cortical blindness
Visual propagnosia
Amnesia
61
The cortex if made up of what proteins?
Glycoproteins
62
What does the cortex do?
Origin of all voluntary movements
Conscious awareness
63
How is the cortex formed?
From neuroectodermal cells
Forms prosencephalon
Divides into 2 telencephalons
Matures into 2 cerebral hemispheres
64
What is the cortex made up of?
Gray matter with gyri and sulci
65
Fissure that divides the occipital and parietal lobes
Parieto-occipital fissure
66
Fissure that divides the occipital lobe
Calcarine fissure
67
Layers of the cortex (superficial to deep)
Molecular layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform layer
68
Components of the molecular layer
Axons and dendrites
69
Components of the external granular layer
Densely packed stellate cells
Small pyramidal cells
70
Components of the external pyramidal layer
Loosely packed stellate cells
Medium pyramidal cells
71
Components of the Internal granular layer
Densely packed stellate cells only
72
Components of the Internal pyramidal layer
Large pyramidal cells only (giant pyramidal cells of Betz)
Few stellate cells
73
Components of the multiform layer
Multiple sized pyramidal cells
Loosely packed stellate cells
74
Afferents of cortex layers 1-3
other regions of cortex and brain stem
75
Efferent of cortex layers 1-3
other regions of cortex (intra-cortical association function)
76
Afferent of cortex layer 4
other regions of cortex and brain stem
thalamus
77
Afferent of cortex layer 5
brain stem
78
Efferent of cortex layer 5
brain stem and spinal cord
79
Efferent of cortex layer 6
thalamus
80
This connects all the layers of the cortex except the 1st layer
Neuron of Martinotti
81
This enters deep into the white matter
Fusiform
82
Examples of association fibers of the crotex
Stellate cells
Martinotti cells
Cajal neurons
83
Examples of commisural fibers of the cortex
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure hippocampal
84
What do projection fibers do?
Transmit data
85
Examples of projection fibers
Pyramidal cells
86
Brodmann area responsible for voluntary movements
4, 6, 8
87
Brodmann area responsible for proper response to stimuli
3, 1, 2
88
Brodmann area responsible for expression of speech
44
89
Primary motor area
4
90
Motor planning area
6 and 8
91
Function of the limbic lobe
core of emotions and responses
92
Structures of the Limbic lobe
Pre-frontal lobe
Amygdala
Cingulate cyrus
Nucleus basalis of meynert
Parahippocampus
Hippocampus
Insula of Reille
93
Floor of the frontal loble
Nucleus basalis of Meynert
94
3 major divisions of the Hippocampus
Subiculum
Ammons horn
Dentate gyrus
95
Where is the Parietal lobe located?
Posterior to the rolandic sulcus
96
What does the parietal lobe do?
Receive, collect, process, and interpret general stimulus
97
What structure of the brain sores all memory?
Inferior temporal gyrus
98
Where is the temporal lobe located?
Inferior to the Sylvian fissure
99
Where is the occipital lobe located?
posterior to the parietal lobe
100
Primary somatosensory area
3, 1, 2
101
Somatosthestetic association area
5 and 7
102
Integration area
39 and 40
103
Where is the primary visual area found?
beneath the calcarine fissure
104
Primary visual area
17
105
Visual association area
18 and 19
106
Primary auditory area
41 and 42
107
Auditory association area
22
108
Where is the auditory area found?
Superior to the temporal gyrus
109
What do you call the primary auditory association area?
Wernicke's area
110
Functions of the left hemisphere
Language
Calculation
Left right orientation
Body part recognition
Reading
111
Functions of the right hemisphere
Singing
Visual spatial orientation
Drawing
Dressing
Recognition of the left side of the body
Ideomotor skills
112
Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt cannot express words
Broca's aphasia (expressive/motor aphasia)
113
Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt cannot comprehend words spoken
Wernicke's aphasia (receptive/sensory aphasia)
114
Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt fails to know something previously known
Agnosia
115
Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt fails to do something previously could do
Apraxia
116
The type of ectoderm that differentiates into the epidermis, nails, and hair
Surface ectoderm
117
The type of ectoderm that gives rise to the neural tube, neural crest which subsequently give rise to the brain
Neural ectoderm
118
Gives rise to the lining of the GIT and respiratory system
Endoderm
119
Gives rise to the axial skeleton, dermis, and muscle
Paraxial mesoderm
120
Gives rise to the gonads, kidneys, and urogenital structures
Intermediate mesoderm
121
Gives rise to the limb skeleton and muscular wall of gut tube
Lateral plate mesoderm
122
Stages of neural development
Neural plate
Neural groove/crest
Neural tube
123
What brain structure does the telencephalon develop into?
Cerebrum (Cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
124
What brain structures are found in the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
125
What brain structure does the mesencephalon develop into?
midbrain
126
What brain structure does the Metencephalon develop into?
Pons
Cerebellum
127
What brain structure does the Myelencephalon develop into?
Medulla Oblongata
128
What forms the PCA?
Bifurcation of basilar artery
129
Small subcortical lesions less than 15 mm caused by occlusion penetrating an artery from a large cerebral artery
Lacunar syndrome
130
It is the off shoot of your vertebral arteries
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
131
Where does PICA pass through
Between the medulla and cerebellum
132
What structures does the PICA supply?
Vermis
Central nuclei
Undersurface of cerebellar hemisphere
Medulla oblongata
Portions of choroid plexus and 4th ventricle
133
The most caudal large vessel arising from the basilar artery
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
134
What structures does the AICA supply?
anterior and inferior cerebellum
135
What structures does the penetrating branches of AICA supply?
Portions of the dentate nucleus and surrounding white matter
136
What structures does the smaller branches of AICA supply?
choroid plexus and 4th ventricle
137
What does occlusion of the AICA result in?
Nausea
Vomiting
Deafness
Facial paralysis
Cerebellar disturbances
138
Route of the Superior Cerebellar Artery
Encircles the brainstem near the pontomesencephalic junction and passes onto the superior surface of the cerebellum
139
What structures does the SCA supply?
Pons
Pineal gland
Superior medullary velum
140
What artery supplies the lateral medulla?
PICA
141
What CN nuclei are affected when the PICA is occluded?
CN 9-12 nuclei
142
What supplies the medial medulla
Anterior Spinal Artery
143
3 important structures in the diencephalon
Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
Internal Capsule
144
Thalamus is known as the
Little cortex
145
What type of area is the thalamus?
Gray matter area
146
Damage of the thalamus results in
Cerebral function loss
147
Thalamus can be found at
lateral to the 3rd ventricle
148
This structure of the brain chooses the muscle that will act on a certain movement. Moreover, it will give the muscle it's role (antagonist, agonist, or synergist)
Basal Ganglia
149
White matter area in the Diencephalon
Internal Capsule
150
What does the Internal Capsule do?
Bring data in and out of the cortex
151
What does the Basal Ganglia do?
Plays an important role in the control and posture and voluntary movement
152
Does the Basal Ganglia have direct input/output to the spinal cord?
NO
153
What neurons does the Basal Ganglia utilize?
Glutamate (Excitatory)
GABA (Inhibitory)
154
Structural classifications of the Basal Ganglia
Striatum
Corpus striatum
Lentiform Nucleus
155
What is the (Dorsal) striatum composed of?
Putamen and Caudate
156
What is the corpus striatum composed of?
Striatum
Globus Pallidus
157
What is the Lentiform nucleus composed of?
Putamen (laterally)
Globus Pallidus (medially)
158
Two pathways in the brain
Direct
Indirect
159
Pathway that initiates movement
Direct
160
Pathway that terminates movement
Indirect
161
Involuntary, irregular, unpredictable muscle movements
Chorea
162
Slow, involuntary, and writhing movements of the limbs, face, neck, tongue, and other muscle groups
Athetosis
163
Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures
Dystonia
164
Slowness of movement
Bradykinesia
165
Constant resistance throughout ROM despite velocity
Rigidity
166
3 parts of the Internal Capsule
Anterior Limb
GENU
Posterior Limb
167
Where can the anterior limb of the internal capsule be located?
Between the head of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
168
What does GENU do?
Connects anterior and posterior limbs
169
What type of tract does GENU contain?
corticobulivar tracts
170
What type of tract does the posterior limb contain?
Corticospinal tract
171
Where can the posterior limb be found?
Between the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus
172
Where does general sensation pass through prior to area 3, 1, 2?
Ventro postero-lateral nuclei
173
Where does visual stimuli pass through prior to area 17?
Lateral geniculi
174
Where does auditory data pass through prior to area 41?
Medial geniculi
175
Components of the brainstem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
176
Exact location of the brainstem
Posterior cranial fossa of the skull
177
What does the brainstem connect?
Narrow spinal cord with the expanded forebrain
178
Function of the brainstem
Contains reflex centers associated with respiration and cardiovascular system and with the control of consciousness
179
CN nuclei found in the brainstem
CN III to CN XII
180
Anterior surface of the medulla
Anterior Median Fissure
181
Swellings on each side of the median fissure
Pyramids
182
What are found posterolateral to the pyramids?
Olives
183
Where does the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge from?
between the pyramid and the olive
184
Found posterior to the olives
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles
185
What does the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles do?
Connect medulla to the cerebellum
186
Where does the roots of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves emerge from?
Between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncles
187
Location of the pons
anterior to the cerebellum
188
What does the pons connect?
Medulla oblongata to the midbrain
189
What are the two roots of the Trigeminal nerve?
motor
sensory
190
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve emerge from?
groove of the pons and medulla oblongata, medial to lateral
191
What does the midbrain connect?
Pons and cerebellum to the forebrain
192
Rounded eminences that are divided into superior and inferior parts by a vertical and transverse groove
Corpora Quadrigemina (Colliculi)
193
Lower auditory centers
Inferior Colliculi
194
Centers for visual reflexes
Superior Colliculi
195
Highest, dorsal part of the brainstem, consists of collicula
Tectum
196
An ascending tract in the brainstem that carries the nuclei of CN III to CN XII
Tegmentum
197
Descending tact of the brainstem
Basis
198
CN nuclei found in the cerebral cortex
I and II
199
CN nuclei found in the midbrain
III
IV
V
200
CN nuclei found in the pons
V
VI
VII
Part of VIII
201
CN nuclei found in the medulla
V
part of VIII
IX-XII
202
Shortest cranial nerve
Olfactory nerves
203
Shortest cranial nerve
Olfactory nerves
204
How does smell enter CN I
Enters the cribform plate and enters the olfactory bulb
205
How does smell affect emotions
CN I has a limbic lobe connection
206
A condition wherein both nostrils lose the ability to smell
Anosmia
207
Visual fields
Temporal (Lateral)
Nasal (Medial)
208
Receives visual information from the nasal visual field
Temporal retina
209
Receives visual infromation rom the temporal visual field
Nasal retina
210
The optic nerve is formed by
Ganglion cells
211
It is where the nasal retina crosses over
Optic chiasm
212
It is where the visual info travels through to go to the thalamus
Optic tract
213
The nuclei of the thalamus that receives visual information
Lateral Geniculate Nuclei (LGN)
214
How does axons from LGN carry visual info
Via a pathway known as optic radiation
215
Caries fibers from the superior retinal quadrants
Upper Optic Radiation
216
Caries fibers from the superior retinal quadrants
Upper Optic Radiation
217
Carries fibers from the inferior retinal quadrants
Lower Optic Radiation
218
Carries fibers from the inferior retinal quadrants
Lower Optic Radiation
219
Where does the upper optic radiation travel through?
Parietal lobe to reach the visual cortex
220
Where does the lower optic radiation travel through
Temporal lobe via the Meyer's loop to reach the visual cortex
221
Causes the eyes and neck to turn to a visual stimulus such as light
Superior Colliculi
222
Tumor of the pituitary gland causing the optic chiasm to be compressed
Pituitary Adenoma
223
Compression of the optic chiasm results in this condition
Bitempotal Hemianopia (Both Nasal Retina are compressed, no temporal visual field)
224
Blindness in one eye
Anopia
225
What causes Anopia?
Ipsilateral damage to the optic nerve
226
What causes Anopia?
damage to the ipsilateral optic nerve
227
Condition caused by lesion at the optic tract
Bilateral hemianopia
228
Condition caused by lesion at the optic tract
Bilateral hemianopia
229
What does the Reticular Activating System (RAS) do?
Responisble for activating the cortex and waking people up
230
What does the Reticular Activating System (RAS) do?
Responisble for activating the cortex and waking people up
231
How is the RAS switched off?
By Melatonin
232
Where are the nuclei of CN III and IV located?
Mid brain
233
CN that adducts the eye
CN III (Occulomotor nn)
234
CN that abducts the eye
CN VI (Abducens)
235
What CN needs to be activated to look to one side
Ipsilateral CN VI of the ipsilateral eye
Contralateral CN III of the contralateral eye
236
Motor function of CN V
Mastication
237
Where is the nuclei of CN V located?
Pons
238
Sensory function of CN V
Sensation of the face
239
What are the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve?
Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
240
To what nucleus of the trigeminal nerve does the proprioception of the face go to?
Mesencephalic nucleus of Trigeminal
241
To what nucleus of the trigeminal nerve does pain and temperature sensation go to?
Spinal nucleus (located in the medulla)
242
To what nucleus of the trigeminal nerve does tactile sensation go to?
Sensory nucleus (located in the pons)
243
Where does the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve enter?
Superior orbital fissure
244
Where does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve enter?
Foramen of Rutundom
245
Where does the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve enter?
Foramen ovale
246
Function of the facial nerve
Facial expressions
247
What is the parasympathetic function of the facial nerve?
Lacrimation and assists in salivary production
248
Branches of the superior salivatory nucleus
Lacrimation
Salivary
Nervi Intermedius (intermediate nerve of Wrisberg)
249
Where does the muscles of facial expression exit?
Stylomastoid foramen
250
What are the 2 divisions of the facial nerve
Temporo facial
Cervical facial
251
Branches of the temporo-facial division of the facial nerve
Temporal
Zygomatic
252
What muscles does the temporal branch of the facial nerve contain?
Corrugator supercilli
Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
253
What muscles does the the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve contain?
Orbicularis oculi
254
Branches of the cervico-facial division of the facial nerve
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
255
What muscles does the buccal branch of the facial nerve contain?
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus
256
What muscles does the mandibular branch of the facial nerve contain?
Depressor labii superioris
Mentalis
Depressor anguli ori
257
What muscles does the cervical branch of the facial nerve contain?
Platysma
258
Branches of the Nervi Intermedius
Major Superficial Petrosal Nerve
Chorda Tympani
259
What does the Major Superficial Petrosal Nerve do?
Innervate lacrimal glands
260
What does the Chorda Tympani do?
Sends fibers in tongue for taste
Sends fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands for salivary production
261
Where is the Facial nerve nuclei located?
Pons
262
What innervates the lower face?
Upper part of the nuclei
263
What innervates the upper face?
Lower part of the nuclei
264
Laterality of the innervation in the upper face
bilaterally
265
Laterality of the innervation in the lower face
unilaterally
266
What part of the face is paralyzed when there's an UMNL?
unilateral lower half
267
What part of the face is paralyzed when there's a LMNL?
Unilateral upper and lower face
268
Two main functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Audition
Vestibular location of head
269
Where is the cochlear nuclei located?
Medulla
270
Where is the vestibular nuclei located?
Upper half: pons
Lower half: medulla
271
From what sources does the vestibulocochlear nerve get data from?
Semicircular canals
Eyes
Muscle spindles of the neck
272
What connects to the eye cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) via the medial longitudinal fasiculus?
Vestibular nuclei
273
How does the vestibular nuclei help reorient the head in space?
Send tracts to the spinal cord via the vestibulospinal tract
274
How many nucleus does the vagus nerve have?
3
275
Where is the nucleus of the vagus located?
tegmentum of the lateral medulla
276
What are the 3 nucleus of the vagus nerve?
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
Nucleus Ambiguus
Dorsal Vagal Efferent
277
Nuclei of the vagus nerve responsible for the sensation of the pharynx
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
278
Nuclei of the vagus nerve responsible for the motor function of the pharynx
Nucleus ambiguus
279
Nuclei of the vagus nerve responsible parasympathetic effects such as smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems
Dorsal Vagal Efferent
280
What muscles does CN XI innervate?
SCM
Upper trapezius
281
What are the 2 nuclei of CN XI
Cervical (medulla)
Spinal (spinal cord)
282
How many vertebrae does each segment of the spinal column have?
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 sacral
1 Coccygeal
283
How many roots does each segment of the spinal cord have?
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 sacral
1 Coccygeal
284
Spinal cord level of vertebral level T3
T6
285
Spinal cord level of vertebral level T6
T9
286
Spinal cord level of vertebral level T9
T12
287
Spinal cord level of vertebral level T12
L2-L3
288
Spinal cord level of vertebral level L2
none
289
Terminal point of the Spinal Cord
Conus medullaris
290
A pair of spinal roots formed by spinal roots that have not yet exited the spinal canal
Cauda Equina
291
What are the two roots of a spinal root?
Ventral and Dorsal
292
What root receives afferent/sensory impulses?
Dorsal
293
What root receives efferent/motor impulses?
Ventral
294
Where does all cervical root exit?
above their corresponding vertebrae except C8
295
Contains cell bodies for receiving sensation
Dorsal horn
296
Contains cell bodies for receiving motor function
Ventral horn
297
Where is the gray matter the widest?
C5-T1
T12-L3
298
How many lamina are there in the dorsal horn?
6
299
Lamina responsible for receiving pain sensation
II - Substancia Gelatinosa
300
Lamina responsible for temperature sensation
IV - Nucleus Proprius Dorsalis
301
Nuclei of the Dorsal horn responsible for receiving unconscious proprioception
Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke
302
What originate in the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke?
Spinocerebellar tract
303
Parts of the dorsal horn that are part of the spinothalamic tract
Substancia Gelatinosa (Lamina II)
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (Lamina IV)
304
Innervates regular skeletal muscles
Large Alpha Motor Neurons
305
Innervates muscle fibers at ends of muscle spindle
Small Gamma Motor Neurons
306
From where does the afferent arm of the reflex arc start and ends?
Muscle spindle to dorsal horn
307
From where does the efferent arm of the reflex arc start and ends?
Anterior horn cell to ventral root to peripheral nn to muscle
308
Cell body of lower motor neurons and innervated by UMN or reflex arc
Anterior horn cell
309
What lamina does anterior horn cell contain?
Lamina 7-9
310
Where is the anterior horn cell found?
Ventral horn
311
Origin of the sypmathetic nervous system
Lateral horn (Nucleus Intermediolateralis)
312
Where can you find the lateral horn in the spine?
T1-L3
313
Tract that receives pain, temperature impulses from the dorsal horn
Spinothalamic tract
314
Where does the spinothalamic tract sends the pain and temperature sensation?
Thalamus then 3, 1, 2
315
This tract receives conscious proprioception, vibratory sense, 2-pt discrimination, and tactile sense
Dorsal Column Medial Leminiscus
316
This part of the DCML carries info from the UE
Fasciculus Cuneatus
317
This part of the DCML carries info from the LE
Fasciculus Gracilis
318
Descending tract that delivers motor impulses from the brain and brainstem to the anterior horn cell
Corticospinal tract
319
Where can the corticospinal tract be located?
Lateral white matter
320
What are the main sources of the blood supply of the spinal cord?
Anterior Spinal Artery
Posterior Spinal Artery
321
What areas in the spin receive the least blood supply (dark areas)?
T4
L1
322
Ascending tracts
Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic
DCML
Dorsal and Ventral Spinocerebellar
Spinoreticular
323
Tract that brings pain, temp, and tactile data to area 3, 1, 2
Lateral spinothalamic
324
Where does information from the DCML end?
Fasciculus Cuneatus/Gracilis
325
Descending tracts
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
326
Cell body and Axon of LMN
Cell body: AHC
Axon: peripheral nn
327
Cell body and Axon of UMN
Axon: peripheral nn
Cell body: DRG
328
Where does SC tract neuron 1 end at?
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke
329
Tract responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the face and neck. Also responsible for phonation and swallowing
Corticobulbar tract
330
Tract responsible for the voluntary movements of the UE and LE
Corticospinal tract
331
Origin of corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
Motor Homonculus (area 4)
332
Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?
Lower medulla
333
Where does the corticospinal tract end?
Anterior horn cell
334
Where does the corticobulbar tract end?
At the level of the cranial nerve nuclei it will innervate
335
Tract responsible for reorienting the head
Vestibulospinal
336
Tract responsible for reorienting the trunk
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
337
Blood supply of peripheral nerves
Vasa nervorum
338
Compression of the whole nerve?
Neuropraxia
339
Axon is cut but nerve sheath is intact
Axonotmesis
340
Both axons and nerve sheaths are cut (trauma)
Neurotmesis
341
2 types of muscle fibers in muscle spindle
Extrafusal
Intrafusal
342
skeletal muscle fibers
extrafusal (alpha motor neurons)
343
muscles at the end of the muscle spindle to keep it tight
Intrafusal (gamma motor neurons)
344
branches of the lumbosacral plexus
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral femoral cutaneous
345
What branch of the lumbosacral plexus forms the femoral nerve?
Posterior branch/division
346
What branch of the lumbosacral plexus forms the obturator nerve (adductors)?
Anterior branch
347
Function of the posterior branch of the lumbosacral plexus
Motor to quads
Sensory to anterior femoral cutaneous nerves (ant thigh)
348
Function of the anterior branch of the lumbosacral plexus
Sensory and motor of the medial aspect of the thigh
349
Four main branches of the sacral plexus
Tibial
Common peroneal
Pudendal
Pelvic splanchnic
350
Function of the tibial branch in the sacral plexus
Sensory and motor of posterior thigh muscles, plantar flexors, toe flexors, and intrinsic toe ms
351
Function of the common peroneal branch in the sacral plexus
Sensory and motor of dorsiflexors and evertors of the foot as well as toe extensors
352
Function of the pudendal branch in the sacral plexus
Sensory and motor to the perineal area
353
Function of the pelvic splanchnic branch in the sacral plexus
Parasympathetic function of sacral plexus that goes to the bladder and genitalia
354
What does the first branch of the gluteal nerve do?
Innervates GMed and GMin (L4, L5, S1) for hip abd
355
What does the second branch of the gluteal nerve do?
Innervates GMax for hip ext (L5, S1, S2)
356
Lobe of the lateral surface of the hemisphere that is rostral to the central sulcus and above the lateral fissure
Frontal lobe
357
Area of the skin supplied by the dorsal root
Dermatome
358
Neurologic level that outlines a strip down the midline of the posterior thigh and the popliteal fossa, and it is supplied by the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
S2
359
Carries impulses to the CNS
Afferent fibers
360
(+) sign of meningeal irritation
(+) Brudzinski sign
361
This structure act as the outermost covering for the brain but also as the lining membrane on the inner surfaces of the bones. It also gives valuable support to the brain, the partitions preventing shifting thereby safeguarding the brain against injury
Dura mater
362
The middle trunk of the brachial plexus is formed by the roots of
C6 and C7
363
This connective tissue filament passes through the subarachnoid space to the end of the dura and continues its attachment to the coccyx; a caudal continuation of the pia mater
Filum terminale
364
What do you call the fold or grounded elevation found in the cortex?
Gyrus
365
Innervation of the deltoids
Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
366
Supplied by the femoral nerve, this neurologic level spans the anterior thigh immediately at and above the knee joint
L3
367
The axillary and radial nerves are second branches of the
Posterior cord
368
Capillary networks surrounded by cuboidal or columnar epithelium that forms the CSF
Choroid plexus
369
The lateral arm and axillary nerve are supplied by this neurologic level
C5
370
Deep somatic pain is transmitted by
C fibers
371
A common developmental abnormality, it is a partial or complete failure of the posterior neuropore
Spina bifida
372
A movement disorder resulting from disease of the basal striatum and characterized by rapid, irregular flow of motions and grimacing movements of the face
Chorea
373
Taste impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are transmitted via what CN?
Facial nerve
374
Most likely nerve to be injured during wrist slashing
Median nerve
375
Supplied by the femoral nerve, this neurologic level crosses the anterior portion of the thigh
L2
376
Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus causes
Sweating
Cutaneous vasodilation
Increased respiration
377
In the jaw reflex involving the masseter and temporalis muscles, this cranial nerve mediates the reflex are
Trigeminal nn
378
Fibers from each retina cross behind the eyeball in what is known as
Optic chiasm
379
Rapid, unpredictable jerks of a muscle
Chorea
380
Sensation to the middle finger is supplied by this neurologic level
C7
