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POLS MIDTERM > GOOD LUCK BRO > Flashcards

GOOD LUCK BRO Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Institutions

A

Organizations that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake

informal institutions: unwritten and unofficial rules

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2
Q

Politics

A

Struggle in any group for power that will give one or more people the ability to make decisions for the larger group

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3
Q

Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

A

Deductive: starts from a hypothesis and then is tested against data
Theory–> Hypothesis –> Observation –> Confirmation

Inductive: works from case studies in order to generate hypotheses
Observation –> Pattern –> Tentative Hypothesis –> Theory

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4
Q

Controlling variables

A

economies, cultures, geography, resources, and political structures

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5
Q

Endogeneity

A

Cause and effect are not often clear, variables may be both cause and effect in relation to each other

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6
Q

Selection bias

A

Focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation and causation

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7
Q

Science of Comparative Politics

A

comparative politics: study and comparison of domestic politics across countries

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8
Q

Behavioral revolution

A

movement within political science in the 1950s and 60s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that can be applied across all countries

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9
Q

Sovereignty

A

ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals

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10
Q

Regime

A

fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power

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11
Q

Government

A

leadership or elite in charge of running a state

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12
Q

State

A

1: the organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory (Weber)
2: A set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality

ensures order within and resistance to threats from outside

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13
Q

Degree of institutionalization in order of less to more institutionalized

A

government, regime, state

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14
Q

Development of the State

A

Tribes, city-states, and empires –> STATES

Nomadic groups becoming sedentary
creation of surplus and specialization
inequality
growth in population
need to resolve dilemmas of freedom vs. equality

need for an organization that makes and enforces rules, a mechanism to solve conflict, and set collective goals

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15
Q

War

A

Dark Ages: hypercompetitive environment, constant warfare and rapid evolution of organization
Small states ruled by warlords

States encouraged economic development to gain revenue and fight rivals
Technological innovation like gunpowder and cartography
Homogenization of people within territories by language, customs, or identity: nations

“War made the state and the state made war.” Charles Tilly

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16
Q

Coercion

A

compelling behavior by threatening harm
Individuals band together to protect themselves and create common rules, leadership chosen from among people

Security through cooperation

Democratic rule, people inherently good

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17
Q

Consensus

A

individuals are brought together by a ruler, who imposes authority and monopolizes power

security through domination

Authoritarian rule, people inherently bad

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18
Q

Types of legitimacy: traditional vs. charismatic

A

traditional: accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time (Monarch like Queen Elizabeth II)
charismatic: legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader (Revolutionary hero like Vladimir Lenin, or personality cult like Hitler)

bonus:
rational-legal: built on rules and procedures and the offices that create and enforce those rules, strongly institutionalized (Elected executive like Barack Obama)

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19
Q

Autonomy

A

ability of state to wield its power independently of the public

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20
Q

Capacity

A

ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and maintaining the economy

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21
Q

National identity

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A

sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations

22
Q

Ethnic identity

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A

specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others

23
Q

Nationalism

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A

pride in one’s people and the belief that they have a unique political destiny

24
Q

Patriotism

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A

pride in one’s state, not a regime, “homeland”-ism

25
Clash of Civilizations
conflict stems from clash of 7-8 groups of cultures
26
Ethnic/national conflict
ethnic conflict: between ethnic groups that struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense. each hopes to gain power by increasing control over existing political institutions like the state or government national conflict: seek to gain or prevent others from gaining sovereignty, clashing over the quest to form an independent state Violence a common tool in both, to use, bypass or destroy the coercive powers of the state
27
Political attitudes
Description of one's views regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society
28
Reactionary
someone who seeks to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order
29
Liberal
favors a limited state role in society and the economy, places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom
30
Political ideologies
the basic values held by an individual about fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and equality
31
Liberalism
1: political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation 2: ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom
32
Public goods
goods, provided or secured by the state, available to society, no private person or organization can own
33
Inflation
outstripping of supply by demand, resulting in an increase in the general price level of goods and services and the resulting loss of value in a country's currency
34
Political-economic systems
relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policies and outcomes they create
35
Liberal/Social Democracy
liberal democracy: political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty that emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights social democracy: aka Socialism 1: political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through state management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures 2: political ideology that advocates such a system
36
Mercantilism
political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state political ideology of empires, state vs. other states, tied with elites, civil society, modernization and democratization
37
Property rights
property: goods or services that are owned by an individual or group, privately or publicly whether or not anyone protects your right to own goods or services
38
Inequality
discrepancies between people in power and people not in power wealthy vs. poor
39
Happiness
GDP-gross domestic product, total market value of all goods and services in a country PPP-purchasing power parity, looks at GDP n terms of buying power Gini Index-mathematical formula that measures inequality rather than poverty in countries, 0-perfect equality, 10, perfect inequality HDI-Human Development Index-quality of life: education, wealth, and health main motivation behind human behavior
40
Democracy
political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people, seeks to balance freedom and equality
41
Modernization theory
theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism
42
Elites
Highly unequal societies often reinforce nondemocratic structures for elites to maintain power and resources
43
Culture/Political culture
culture: basic institutions that define a society political culture: basic norms for political activity in a society
44
Modernization and democratization
Theory that modernization causes democratization or vice-versa
45
Problems with Comparative Research
Controlling a large number of variables Controlling for interaction between variables (multicausality) Limited number of cases to research Limited access to information from cases Uneven research across cases and regions Cases selected on the basis of cause and not effect (selection bias) Variables may be either cause or effect (endogeneity)
46
Radicals
Seek revolutionary change, violently if necessary, the change the system
47
Conservatives
Seek little or no change in the system
48
Reactionaries
seek to restore previous order, violently if necessary
49
Fascism vs. Communism
common: pseudo-science, utopian goals, "leader principle", and propaganda ``` communists: class struggle, Nazis: campaign for racial purity Communists more totalitarian branch of totalitarianism ```
50
Civil society
Group or association that exists outside of government

POLS MIDTERM (1 decks)

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