Flashcards in GOOD LUCK BRO Deck (50)
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1
Institutions
Organizations that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake
informal institutions: unwritten and unofficial rules
2
Politics
Struggle in any group for power that will give one or more people the ability to make decisions for the larger group
3
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive: starts from a hypothesis and then is tested against data
Theory--> Hypothesis --> Observation --> Confirmation
Inductive: works from case studies in order to generate hypotheses
Observation --> Pattern --> Tentative Hypothesis --> Theory
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Controlling variables
economies, cultures, geography, resources, and political structures
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Endogeneity
Cause and effect are not often clear, variables may be both cause and effect in relation to each other
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Selection bias
Focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation and causation
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Science of Comparative Politics
comparative politics: study and comparison of domestic politics across countries
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Behavioral revolution
movement within political science in the 1950s and 60s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that can be applied across all countries
9
Sovereignty
ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals
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Regime
fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power
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Government
leadership or elite in charge of running a state
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State
1: the organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory (Weber)
2: A set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality
ensures order within and resistance to threats from outside
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Degree of institutionalization in order of less to more institutionalized
government, regime, state
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Development of the State
Tribes, city-states, and empires --> STATES
Nomadic groups becoming sedentary
creation of surplus and specialization
inequality
growth in population
need to resolve dilemmas of freedom vs. equality
need for an organization that makes and enforces rules, a mechanism to solve conflict, and set collective goals
15
War
Dark Ages: hypercompetitive environment, constant warfare and rapid evolution of organization
Small states ruled by warlords
States encouraged economic development to gain revenue and fight rivals
Technological innovation like gunpowder and cartography
Homogenization of people within territories by language, customs, or identity: nations
"War made the state and the state made war." Charles Tilly
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Coercion
compelling behavior by threatening harm
Individuals band together to protect themselves and create common rules, leadership chosen from among people
Security through cooperation
Democratic rule, people inherently good
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Consensus
individuals are brought together by a ruler, who imposes authority and monopolizes power
security through domination
Authoritarian rule, people inherently bad
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Types of legitimacy: traditional vs. charismatic
traditional: accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time (Monarch like Queen Elizabeth II)
charismatic: legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader (Revolutionary hero like Vladimir Lenin, or personality cult like Hitler)
bonus:
rational-legal: built on rules and procedures and the offices that create and enforce those rules, strongly institutionalized (Elected executive like Barack Obama)
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Autonomy
ability of state to wield its power independently of the public
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Capacity
ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and maintaining the economy
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National identity
sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations
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Ethnic identity
specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others
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Nationalism
pride in one's people and the belief that they have a unique political destiny
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Patriotism
pride in one's state, not a regime, "homeland"-ism
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Clash of Civilizations
conflict stems from clash of 7-8 groups of cultures
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Ethnic/national conflict
ethnic conflict: between ethnic groups that struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense. each hopes to gain power by increasing control over existing political institutions like the state or government
national conflict: seek to gain or prevent others from gaining sovereignty, clashing over the quest to form an independent state
Violence a common tool in both, to use, bypass or destroy the coercive powers of the state
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Political attitudes
Description of one's views regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society
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Reactionary
someone who seeks to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order
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Liberal
favors a limited state role in society and the economy, places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom
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