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Question 1

What was the aim of the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) study?

Answer 1

To carry out cross-cultural analysis looking at differences in attachment types across and within cultures.

Question 2

What procedure did van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg use for their study?

Answer 2

A meta-analysis of studies using the Strange Situation procedure.

Question 3

What were the criteria for selecting studies in the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis?

Answer 3

• Only studies of infant-mother attachment using the Strange Situation procedure
• Studies must give ABC classifications
• Sample size must be N=35 or more
• No overlapping samples
• Participants must be children under the age of two.

Question 4

What was the final sample size in the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

Answer 4

32 samples from 8 countries involving 1,990 strange situations.

Question 5

Which attachment type was most frequently found in the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

Answer 5

Type B (secure attachment).

Question 6

In which countries were more Type C attachments found according to the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

Answer 6

Israel and Japan.

Question 7

True or False: The differences in attachment types within countries were smaller than the differences between countries in the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg study.

Answer 7

False.

Question 8

What was the overall conclusion of the van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

Answer 8

Attachment Type B was modal in all countries, with variations in Type A and Type C attachments across cultures.

Question 9

What did Cassibba et al. (2013) aim to examine in their study?

Answer 9

Whether the distributions of child and adult attachment classifications in Italy converge with global distributions.

Question 10

What hypothesis did Cassibba et al. test regarding unresolved attachments in Italian samples?

Answer 10

That there would be a lower percentage of unresolved attachments due to Catholicism promoting successful mental resolution of trauma.

Question 11

What was the sample size for the child attachment analysis in Cassibba et al.’s study?

Answer 11

627 participants using the SSP.

Question 12

What was the percentage of securely attached nonclinical Italian children according to Cassibba et al.?

Answer 12

53%.

Question 13

In the adult attachment analysis by Cassibba et al., what percentage of mothers were classified as securely attached?

Answer 13

59%.

Question 14

What significant finding did Cassibba et al. discover about avoidant attachments?

Answer 14

Avoidant attachments are more common in Italy than in the American sample.

Question 15

What was the aim of the Ashdown and Bernard (2012) study?

Answer 15

To investigate the effect of a social and emotional learning skills curriculum on social-emotional development and academic achievement.

Question 16

What was the sample size in the Ashdown and Bernard study?

Answer 16

99 students.

Question 17

What curriculum was used in the Ashdown and Bernard study?

Answer 17

You Can Do It! Early Childhood Education programme.

Question 18

How long did the Ashdown and Bernard study last?

Answer 18

10 weeks.

Question 19

What types of assessments were used in the Ashdown and Bernard study?

Answer 19

• ACER Well-being Survey
• Social Skills Rating System
• Independent Text Reading Level assessments.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The study by Ashdown and Bernard aimed to see if young children who received the program would show a greater decrease in _______ than those who did not.

Answer 20

problem behaviours.

Question 21

What was the main focus of the questionnaires used in the Ashdown and Bernard study?

Answer 21

Measuring social-emotional well-being, competence, and academic achievement.

Question 22

What is the Independent Text Reading Level range?

Answer 22

0 (lowest) to 28 (highest)

Question 23

What was used to investigate teacher implementation of the YCDI programme?

Answer 23

A classroom practice observation form

Question 24

On what scale were teacher behaviors rated during the observation?

Answer 24

Three-point scale from 1 (=not at all) to 3 (=very much)

Question 25

What did the results indicate about YCDI teachers' preparation?

Answer 25

Both YCDI teachers were well prepared and provided helpful comments

Question 26

Did the teachers closely follow the scripted lesson plans?

Answer 26

No, neither teacher closely followed the scripted lesson plans

Question 27

What measures were assessed by grade and group in the study?

Answer 27

* Positive social-emotional well-being * Total problem behaviors * Total social-emotional competence * Total social skills * Reading level

Question 28

What was the mean positive social-emotional well-being score for YCDI students in Grade 1 after the program?

Answer 28

95.02

Question 29

What was the total problem behaviors mean score for YCDI students in Preparatory after the program?

Answer 29

2.37

Question 30

Did males or females display higher levels of problem behaviors?

Answer 30

Males

Question 31

What did the analysis indicate about the effectiveness of YCDI between genders?

Answer 31

No differences in effectiveness between males and females

Question 32

What were the conclusions regarding the YCDI program's effectiveness?

Answer 32

It is effective for improving social and emotional competence

Question 33

What was the reading level mean for YCDI students in Grade 1 after the program?

Answer 33

24.48

Question 34

What did the study find regarding reading levels of the lowest 50% of children?

Answer 34

YCDI classes displayed greater gains in reading achievement

Question 35

What does the YCDI program help students manage better?

Answer 35

Emotions and social interactions

Question 36

What is the aim of Loftus and Palmer's classic study?

Answer 36

To see if question phrasing affects speed estimates

Question 37

What is a leading question?

Answer 37

A question that suggests what answer is desired

Question 38

What was the mean speed estimate when using the verb 'smashed'?

Answer 38

40.5 mph

Question 39

True or False: The verb 'contacted' resulted in the highest speed estimate.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What was concluded from Experiment 1 regarding leading questions?

Answer 40

They can affect a witness's answer

Question 41

In Experiment 2, what was the chi-square test significant level related to broken glass?

Answer 41

0.025 level

Question 42

What did Loftus and Palmer propose about memory?

Answer 42

Two kinds of information go into memory: perception and external information

Question 43

What was the aim of Bradbury and Williams's study?

Answer 43

To investigate if jury racial makeup affects decision making

Question 44

What was the dependent variable in Bradbury and Williams's study?

Answer 44

A conviction or not

Question 45

What is the implication of the study regarding Black jurors?

Answer 45

They may increase the odds of an acquittal for Black defendants

Question 46

What was the aim of Valentine and Mesout's study?

Answer 46

To investigate the influence of state anxiety on recall

Question 47

What was used to measure heart rate in the study?

Answer 47

Polax Accurex Plus wireless heart rate monitor

Question 48

What was the design used in Valentine and Mesout's study?

Answer 48

Correlation design

Question 49

What did participants encounter in the Horror Labyrinth?

Answer 49

A 'scary person' actor

Question 50

What was the outcome of the study regarding recall under stress?

Answer 50

High physiological arousal impairs recall and identification

Question 51

What role did the actor play in the Labyrinth experiment?

Answer 51

The actor was the ‘scary person’ participants were to identify

Question 52

What did participants agree to do after their visit to the Labyrinth?

Answer 52

Fill in questionnaires about their visit

Question 53

What was obtained after the purpose of the experiment was explained?

Answer 53

Informed consent

Question 54

What were participants asked to recall about the ‘scary person’?

Answer 54

The actor’s appearance and identification from a ‘culprit-present’ line-up

Question 55

What were the two types of recall tasks participants completed?

Answer 55

* Written free recall description * Cued recall

Question 56

What was the dependent variable in the Labyrinth study?

Answer 56

Recall of the actor’s appearance and identification accuracy

Question 57

How did participants rate their confidence in their identification decision?

Answer 57

On a scale of 0–100% confidence

Question 58

What was the mean baseline heart rate of participants in the Labyrinth?

Answer 58

74.7 bpm

Question 59

What was the mean heart rate while participants were in the Labyrinth?

Answer 59

86.9 bpm

Question 60

What was the mean state anxiety score recorded in the Labyrinth study?

Answer 60

43.2

Question 61

What was the mean state anxiety score of the eyewitness study participants?

Answer 61

49.0

Question 62

True or False: Females reported a higher state anxiety score than males.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

What was the mean trait anxiety score in the study?

Answer 63

36.8

Question 64

What was the relationship between state anxiety and correct recall of the actor?

Answer 64

Participants with higher state anxiety recalled fewer correct details

Question 65

In the identification of the ‘scary person’, how many accurate identifications were made by participants with low state anxiety?

Answer 65

21

Question 66

In the identification of the ‘scary person’, how many accurate identifications were made by participants with high state anxiety?

Answer 66

5

Question 67

What statistical relationship was found between state anxiety and identification accuracy?

Answer 67

Reliable effect of state anxiety on recall

Question 68

What was the association between gender and state anxiety in the study?

Answer 68

Females reported higher state anxiety than males

Question 69

What was the percentage of eyewitnesses scoring above the median on the state anxiety scale that correctly identified the culprit?

Answer 69

17%

Question 70

What does the catastrophic failure in eyewitness identification under high state anxiety support?

Answer 70

Catastrophe model of memory performance under anxiety

Question 71

What was the aim of Brady's 1958 study on ulcers in executive monkeys?

Answer 71

To see if there was a relationship between high stress levels and increased hormone production and the development of ulcers

Question 72

What type of monkeys were used in Brady's study?

Answer 72

Rhesus monkeys

Question 73

What was the main difference between the executive monkey and the yoked control monkey?

Answer 73

The executive monkey pressed the lever to avoid shocks; the yoked monkey received shocks only if the executive failed to press

Question 74

What was the duration of the electric shocks administered to the monkeys?

Answer 74

Every 20 seconds for 6 hours at a time over a three-week period

Question 75

What did Brady conclude about the source of stress for the executive monkeys?

Answer 75

The stress was associated with trying to avoid the shocks

Question 76

What was a critical factor for the development of ulcers in the executive monkeys?

Answer 76

Psychological stress of decision responsibility

Question 77

What gastrointestinal issue was observed in the executive monkeys due to stress?

Answer 77

Gastric ulceration

Question 78

Fill in the blank: High levels of stress are dangerous and can lead to _______.

Answer 78

Gastrointestinal problems