government Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
what do historians say about his court
A
that he enjoyed spectacles, loved a renaissance court
2
Q
what was a difference between him and his father
A
his father made final decisions over everything, henry viii let ministers take control over business matters
3
Q
who did henry viii inherit
A
thomas lovell - chancellor of exchequer
bishop fox - lord privy seal
archbishop warham - lord chancellor
4
Q
how many times did henry vii call for parliament
A
7 times
5
Q
how many times did henry viii call for parliament
A
9 times
6
Q
when was an example that parliament was called
A
in 1529, dismissed in 1536
7
Q
what do historians suggest about the usage of parliaments
A
that it was a “revolutionary” period
1530s vast use and power of parliaments
8
Q
how many times did henry call parliament before 1529
A
4
9
Q
how did henry show good will to nobility
A
by cancelling 174 bonds and disbanded council Learned law
10
Q
whats an example of his brutality
A
1520 Duke of Buckingham investigated after accused of discussing kings death
11
Q
what happened to duke of buckingham by 1521
A
executed for treason, when he just had real royal blood which Henry viii was insecure of
12
Q
who was another noble that had royal blood? what happened
A
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, found guilty + executed for treason as he was a descendent to Edward III
13
Q
what were henrys domestic policies
A
increasing revenue
religious reformation
expanding use of prerogative courts
asserting royal supremacy
14
Q
when did Wolsey receive a degree
A
at 15 in oxford
15
Q
who did wolsey serve as before henry VIII
A
secretary to Richard fox, where he received his patronage
16
Q
what was wolsey good at
A
finance and administration
17
Q
how did wolsey use the support of richard fox
A
to become a royal Alminar: someone who distributes leftover food to the poor for the king
18
Q
why did henry turn to wolsey
A
he was irritated by his inherited advisors + they disagreed with his policies so he turned to wolsey who could guess the kings thoughts
19
Q
what were wolseys main concerns in government
A
legal systems
domestic policies
political decisions
20
Q
what did wolsey build and why
A
Hampton court so he could show off his riches
21
Q
when was wolsey appointed a royal counciller
A
1510
22
Q
what titles did wolsey get in 1513
A
Dean of York, Bishop of Tournai
23
Q
when did wolsey organise expeditions to france
A
1512 and 1513
24
Q
when did wolsey become chief minister
A
1514 - all matters of business to wolsey
25
what titles did wolsey receive in 1514
bishop of lincoln, archbishop of york which is second highest post in english church
26
when did the pope make wolsey a cardinal
1515
27
what happened by 1516 - wolsey
wolsey wanted to provide civil law based on natural evidence and justice
28
when did wolsey become papal legate
1518
29
what did his role as papal legate mean
outranked archbishop of Canterbury
had control over religious orders of England
other member councils had to go through him
30
who was one of wolseys enemies
duke of norfolk
31
what does borman say about wolsey and duke of norfolk
that he wasnt intimidated and would humiliate others in council meetings trying to prove them wrong, which he was hated for
he would outwit norfolk
32
what does borman say about henry being manipulated easily
that he was susceptible to gossip and rumours, and that Wolsey was in his ear giving him advice/ controlling his decision
33
what did wolsey not have control over at the start
privy chamber: only people who had access were about 20 close advisors who travelled everywhere with king + distrusted wolsey
34
what did wolsey do about the privy chamber by 1519
replaced by wolseys own supporters by 1519
35
what did wolsey have control over
legal systems, court of chancery, star chamber
36
how did wolsey increase the usage of the star chamber
used it to attack nobles for abusing their power, encouraging private lawsuits and commoners to bring their complaints to courts
37
how did the number of legal cases in the star chamber rise
120 a year
38
what financial reform was done by wolsey in 1522
organised a national survey to see how much tax the population could pay
39
how much money did wolsey raise in 1522
£200,000 in forced loans, insufficient as it was during inflation
40
what financial reform was done by 1523
Tudor subsidy: wolsey changed this from being based on taxes of property and focused on income
41
what was a Tudor subsidy
refers to a grant issued by parliament to sovereign
42
what happened in 1525 - financial reforms
amicable grant, a tax proposed outside of parliament
43
where were the strongest oppositions to the amicable grant 1525
north essex and suffolk
there were 4000 taxation resisters unable to pay
44
what did the failure of the amicable grant show henry
that he couldn't rely on the public for money
45
what did wolsey introduce in 1526
out of ordinances to reform the finances of privy chamber
46
why did wolsey reform the finances of privy chamber
for his own benefit: secured a reduction in the number of gentlemen in the Privy chamber, this people disliked wolsey
47
how did wolsey change groom of stool?
from someone who disliked him to Henry Norris who liked him
48
what were the eltham ordinances
an attempt to reorganise crown's administration and royal finances
49
when were the eltham ordinances introduced
1526
50
how long did wolsey serve
1512 to 1529
51
why did henry believe he couldn't have an heir with Catherine of Aragon
because he married his brothers widow and saw it as a punishment from god
52
why was there increasing tension with spain
because catherine opposed getting an annulment and she had spanish descent
53
when happened at the legatine court
pope agreed to hear Henrys case about the annulment
54
when was the case for annulment held and where
blackfriars 1529
55
what steps did cromwell and cranmer take to break from the catholic church in 1531
clergy charged with praemunire and forced to pay £100,000, which put pressure on clergy + weakened catholicism in england
56
when was the act of supremacy passed
1534
57
what was the elton thesis - main point
that thomas cromwells reforms under henry VIII constituted a "Tudor Revolution in government"
58
what did the elton thesis argue
that cromwell as chief minister: england transformed into unified, independent sovereign state
a modern bureaucracy
constitutional monarchy
59
what effect did cromwell have on government
he moved constitutions of government into a separate body away from the king
60
what did critics say of elton
guy and starkey + others disagreed and there wasnt as much reform during cromwell
61
how did cromwell reform government
- ended papal supremacy
- reformed administration of gov
- dependent on officials of kings household
62
what was the Act of restraint of Appeals in 1533
- cromwell wrote historically everyone owned the king + consequence royal authority uneven across country
- argument set that english men shouldnt have right to appeal to rome for judgement
63
how were henry and cromwell seen by people originally
ruthless brutal
64
how did Cromwell reform nobility
took privileges of nobility to control enemies eg duke of norfolk
used parliamentary statute and increased importance of parliament
65
how does elton argue whether cromwell brought change to the government
- constitutional gov: henry head of state
- political revolution: king and parliament became king IN parliament
- bureaucratic revolution: development of specialised departments
66
what impact did cromwells reformation have on his own role
role of kings secretary as coordinating minister not lord chancellor
67
how did cromwell reform the royal council
made it more professional
consisted of lawyers, bureaucrats, leading noblemen, clergy, household staff
68
what new reforms/courts did Cromwell incorporate into government
Court of Augmentations
Court of First Fruits and Tenths
Court of General Surveyors
Court of Wards
69
what was the court of Augmentations
controlled land and finances under the Catholic church
70
what was the court of general surveyors
it merged with augementations
71
what was the court of first fruits and tenths
previously collected money for rome
72
when and why did wolsey rise to prominence
during first french war
organisational skills - well equipped, disciplined army
73
when did wolsey become lord chancellor
1515
74
what do historians argue that wolsey had little concern for
institutional reform
highly personal methods of governance
little regard for parliament
75
what is an example where wolsey showed little regard for parliament
only visited the House once in his 14 yrs as chancellor in 1523
76
why were parliament hesitant to give henry viii subsidies
because he was using up a lot of money and had a foreign policy which had costed extraordinary revenues
77
why did wolsey reform and create the Eltham Ordinances 1526
attempt to reform royal household to increase cost efficiency
78
who was duke of norfolk and why was he important
powerful enemy of wolsey
became Lord Treasurer in Dec 1522
79
what did norfolk do and help Henry VIII with
defended northern borders in against scotland
helped put down unrest following amicable grant
80
who was henry viii getting close to by 1529
Sir thomas boleyn - annes father
he was in constant attendance to the king
81
what method did henry viii use in oct 1529 for the annulment with wolsey
wolsey charged with praemunire
by 17th of Oct he surrendered the great seal, no longer Lord Chancellor
82
what was a result for wolsey by feb 1530
pardoned
pension of £4000 per annum
83
when did cromwell join wolseys service
1516
84
when was cromwell appointed to the Master of The King's Jewels
April 1532
85
who did cromwell add to the master of the kings jewels
- clerk of Hanaper 1532
- chancellor of exchequer 1533
- principle secretary 1534
- lord privy seal 1536
86
what was one of cromwells greatest achievements
dealing with factions at court
87
what were 2 key factions during cromwell
- in favour of catherine and her daughter mary - aragonese faction
- The boleyns
88
how did cromwell manipulate the boleyn faction
- made it seem like anne was unfaithful with henry norris, mark smeaton, and others
- all were convinced of treason and executed may 1536
89
how did cromwell use the boleyn faction and fall of anne
to pave his way to become lord privy seal
destroying boleyn faction
90
what did cromwell order he clergy to do following the break from rome
defend royal supremacy in sermons, teach children according to protestant programme, abandon pilgrimages
91
how much did the reversal of henry VIIs attainders cost Henry VIII
£15,000
92
how much was the crown earning from 1500 to 1520 annually compared to by the 1530s
£41,000 down to £32,000
93
what act did wolsey pass by 1515 regarding annual finance
act of resumption
included collecting debts
94
what was the Subsidy Act of 1534 and why was it successful
justified taxation on grounds of peace not war
yielded £406,000 from 1535 to 1540
95
when wolsey was lord chancellor, what did he launch a campaign against and why
against enclosures
ordered demolished buildings be reconstructed
96
what impact did the act against enclosures have on landlords
264 landlords executed
nobility forced to rebuild homes of the poor they displaced
97
what reactions did wolseys policies on enclosure bring
took action against nobles who illegally enclosed
great popularity with poor
98
how much did wolseys tudor subsidy raise between 1513 and 1516
£170,000
99
how much did wolsey demand in 1523 and how much did he get + impact
£800,000
£300,000
shows ruling classes resented wolseys financial policies
100
why did wolsey create the amicable grant
french army defeated at battle of pavia, henry wanted to invade + defeat france, but no funds
