3rd Degree
Mediant
4th Degree
Subdominant
5th Degree
Dominant
6th Degree
Submediant
7th Degree
Leading Note
1st Degree
Tonic
2nd Degree
Supertonic
Flats for A flat major
BEAD.
Flats for E flat major
BEA.
Lower tetrachord
Series of four notes separated by three intervals
Pattern of major scales (T/S)
TTSTTTS.
Pneumonic for flat order.
Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father
Pneumonic for sharp order.
Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle
Primary Triad
Tonic/Subdominant/Dominant
Tonic/Mediant/Dominant sounded together
Tonic Triad.
Upper Tetrachord
Series of four notes separated by three intervals - which becomes the lower tetrachord of the next sharp/flat scale.
What happens to the leading note of every harmonic minor scale?
The leading note is raised by one semitone.
Pattern of minor scales (T/S)
TSTTST1/2S
Pattern of minor scales (T/S)
TSTTST1/2S
What does time sig 2 4 stand for?
2 crochets/bar
What does 3 4 stand for?
3 crochet beats/bar
What does 4 4 stand for?
4 crochet beats/bar
Define simple time
Plain undotted beats divisible by two
What does the figure at the top of a time signature represent?
Number of beats in a bar
What does the figure at the bottom of a time signature represent?
Simple - for even numbers
Compound - for odd numbers
Minim rest
Above stave line
Semibreve rest
Below stave line
Alla breve time
OR Cut common time
Equivalent to simple duple time OR 2 2
What should be used for a whole bar rest?
Semibreve rest
Where should a semibreve rest be positioned?
Hang off 2nd stave line
Where should minim rest be positioned?
Sit on 3rd stave line.
Order of time and key sig
Key sig first (K before T)
Perfect intervals
4/5/8ths
What number is counted in simple time?
Beats
What number is counted in simple time?
Beats
What number is counted in compound time?
Pulses
Top number of simple time signature is always:
2,3,4
Top number of coumpound time signature is always:
6,9,12
What rests cannot be used in triple time?
2-beat rests
When can crotchet rests be used in 6 8 time?
First and second pulses only.
When can crotchet rests be used in 9 8 time?
First and second pulses only.
What is a duplet?
Equivalent of a triplet in sinple time.
Duplet is used in compound time.
Soprano Voice Range
High G to Middle C
Alto Voice Range
High C to Low G
Tenor Voice Range
Alto G to Low C
Bass Voice Range
Soprano C to Low F
Voice Order
Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass
Voice Order
Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass
Condition on spacing of 4-part vocal style
Soprano, Alto,Tenor must have a space of no more than an octave between them.
What should intervals always be classified as?
Major, Minor, Perfect.
How should rests be placed in each bar?
So that they don’t break beats…
Define cadence.
Point of rest at the end of a phrase, section or a complete piece of music.
Sections for Binary Form.
A, B.
Sections for Ternary Form.
A, B, A.
Sections for Rondo Form.
A, B, A, C, A.
What do letters A, B, C… represent in musical forms?
Sections.
Trick to transposition.
Count tones.
What voices should have stems up?
Soprano and Tenor.
What voices should have stems down?
Alto and Bass.
Largamente
Broadly
Larghetto
Rather Broadly
Prestissimo
Extremely fast (or as fast as possible)
Con moto
With movement.
Calando
Getting softer/slower.
Morendo
Dying away.
Forte-Piano
Loud then immediately soft.
Sforzando
A strong accent
Agitato
With agitation
Attacca
Go on at once
Animato
With animation
Tranquillo
Calmly
Con anima
With feeling
Con brio
With spirit
Con grazia
With grace
Con Forza
With force
Dolce
Soft and sweet
Risoluto
With resolution
Ben marcato
Well marked
Main droite (M.D.)
Right hand
Main gauche (M.G.)
Left hand
Une corda
With the soft pedal
Tre corde
Release the soft pedal
Ad libitum
At please, quite freely
Loco
At the normal pitch
Opus
A work or group of works
M.M.
Maelzel’s Metronome
When can’t crotchet rests be used in 9 8 time?
On the 2nd and 3rd pulse groups.
What must be included in minor triads/scales?
Accidentals (raise 7th)
What must be remembered for minor triads?
Accidentals for dominant
What must be focussed on when determining intervals?
Root/Base Note (gives key)…
Order of Key and Time Signatures.
K before T
What does a step mean?
Direct movement up or down one note.
What does the climax represent?
Highest note of a melody.
What is a sequence?
A pattern of notes repeated at a different pitch,
Liken perfect and plagal cadences to either a full stop/comma
Full stop.
Liken imperfect cadences to either a full stop/comma.
Comma
How do flat scales build on tetrachords?
In the opposite direction to sharp scales.
Liken interrupted cadences to punctuation.
Question mark.
Flats for D flat major
BEADG
Flats for G flat major
BEADGC
Sharps for B major
FCGDA
Sharps for F sharp major.
FCGDAE
Chromatic semitone
Notes have same letter (e.g. C to C sharp).
Diatonic semitone
Notes have different letters (e.g. G sharp to A)
Major intervals inverted become…
Minor.
Minor intervals inverted become…
Major.
Augmented intervals inverted become…
Dimininshed
Diminished intervals inverted become…
Augmented.
Perfect intervals inverted remain…
Perfect.
Technique for determining number of an inverted interval…
Subtract the number of the original interval from nine.
b
First inversion
Root position triads.
5 3 chords.
First inversion triads.
6 3 chords.
Chords preceding cadences.
First inversion chords.
Numbers representing Cut Common Time
2 2
Simple duple time sign.
2 2
Cut common time
2 4
Simple tripe time sign.
3 2
3 4
3 8
6 4
Simple quadruple time sign.
4 4
c
Compound duple time sign.
6 8
Compound triple time sign.
9 8
Compound quadruple time sign.
12 8
2 2
Simple duple time
2 4
Simple duple time
3 2
Simple triple time
3 4
Simple triple time
3 8
Simple triple time
6 4
Simple triple time
4 4
Simple quadruple time
6 8
Compound duple time
9 8
Compound triple time
12 8
Compound quadruple time
Define modulation
Changes of key
Define contrapuntal.
Two or more independent melodies played together as one.
Appogiatura vs acciacatura
Appogiatura (no line) - held longer than acciacatura…
Arco
Playing with the bow.
Pizzicato
Plucked with the fingers.
What should be doubled when writing first inversion chords?
Third or sixth (but NOT the root).
Tremelo.
Bowing back and forth very rapidly to produce a shimmery or wavering effect.
Sul ponticello
Playing with the bow near the bridge.
Sul tasto.
Playing with the bow on or near the finger board.
Cantando
In a singing style.
Tenuto.
Held.
Piacevole.
Pleasant, agreeable.
Portamento
A smooth gliding from one note to another.
Dolente
Sadly, plaintive.
Doloroso
Sadly, plaintive.
Sotto voce
Softly, in an undertone.
Giocoso
Gay, merry.
Grazioso
Gracefully.
Assai
Very.
Quasi
As if, as it were.
Scherzando
Playfully.
Subito
Suddenly.
Non troppo
Not too much.
Tempo commodo.
At a comfortable speed.
Tempo giusto.
At a consistent speed.
l’istesso tempo
At the same speed.
Grave.
Slow with solemn.
Rubato.
With some freedom in the time.
Stringendo.
Pressing on faster.
Perdendosi.
Fading away.
Smorzando.
Dying away.
Rinforzando.
Reinforcing the tone.
Pesante.
Heavily.
Uppermordent
Squiggle
Lower mordent
Squiggle with line
Turn
Necklace lock/clasp
Inverted turn
With line through or vertical (instead of horizontal)
Trill
tr. w squiggle
Acciacatura
Crushed note w line
Appogiatura
Leaning note (w/out line)
Augmented interval
One semitone larger than a major/perfect interval.
Diminished interval
One semitone smaller than a minor/perfect interval.
