Graded Exercise

Question 1

What are the common measurements for all GXT procedures

Answer 1

Cardiac electrical conduction through 12-lead ECG’s, RPE, O2 consumption, blood pressure

Question 2

How is blood pressure measured

Answer 2

BP= sBP/ dBP

Question 3

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 3

Pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Question 4

Diastolic blood pressure

Answer 4

Pressure in the arteries when the heart is filling between beats.

Question 5

Pulse pressure

Answer 5

The difference between diastolic and systolic pressures (PP= sBP-dBP)

Question 6

What is healthy blood pressure defines as

Answer 6

Less than 120/80 mmHg

Question 7

Why does blood pressure change during age

Answer 7

Blood pressure rises steadily with age due to arterial stiffness and plaque buildup

Question 8

Mean arterial pressure represents

Answer 8

The average pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle

Question 9

Why is MAP important

Answer 9

It determines the rate of blood flow through the vasculature

Question 10

MAP equation

Answer 10

MAP= dBP + 1/3PP

Question 11

Why is map calculated like this?

Answer 11

The heart is in Diastole (relaxation) for 2/3rd of the cardiac cycle at rest

Question 12

What happens to MAP measurement during exercise?

Answer 12

The MAP measurement loses accuracy because the heart is in systole (contraction) for a greater relative amount of time compared to at rest.

Question 13

How is MAP determined centrally in exercise?

Answer 13

By cardiac output

Question 14

How is MAP determined peripherally during exercise

Answer 14

By total peripheral resistance

Question 15

What is the MAP equation for exercise

Answer 15

MAP= Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Question 16

How is total peripheral resistance calculated?

Answer 16

It is the sum of all the blood flow in the vasculature

Question 17

What influences blood pressure

Answer 17

Anything that changes cardiac output or total peripheral resistance; increasing either will increase BP

Question 18

What is the main cause for blood pressure increasing during exercise?

Answer 18

There is a large increase in cardiac output due to elevated heart rate, left ventricular contractibility, and increased preload

Question 19

How does stroke volume compensate to decrease after load (MAP)

Answer 19

Increase in stroke volume more than increasing BP will decreases map

Question 20

What causes increases in after load during exercise?

Answer 20

Vasodi;atop of arterials supplying blood to active muscles

Question 21

What is the net result of exercise on blood pressure?

Answer 21

Increase in systolic BP due to increased cardiac output while diastolic BP is relatively unchanged due to vasodilation

Question 22

How are individuals categorized in the GXT assessment

Answer 22

Based on age, known disease, and risk factors

Question 23

What levels need supervision or a medical exam prior to the GXT

Answer 23

Moderate risk individuals must undergo a medical exam prior; High risk individuals must be supervised by a physician during testing as well as undergo a medical exam prior

Question 24

What happens prior to the GXT exam for all participants

Answer 24

Resting heart rate and blood pressure values are recorded.

Question 25

When is the GXT stopped

Answer 25

It can be stoped at either a predetermined point or if the physician or participant decides to its necessary to terminate

Question 26

How is the speed set for the GXT?

Answer 26

70-80% of the age predicted hr max

Question 27

How long is each GXT stage?

Answer 27

2 minutes

Question 28

How much does the treadmill increase per stage

Answer 28

2%

Question 29

When is it safe to stop supervision of the subject

Answer 29

HR around 100 bpm

Question 30

Why are GXT’s useful in determining cardiovascular health

Answer 30

It measures changes in BP and cardiac function so it identifies abnormalities during exercise. Many cardiovascular and physical abnormalities do not become apparent until the body is stressed

Question 31

What changes in cardiac function occur during graded exercise?

Answer 31

Linear increase in Hr to max, linear increase in stroke volume until certain intensity

Question 32

When does stroke volume plateau

Answer 32

At approximately 50 % in untrained individuals and at greater intensities in trained individual. SV may not even plateau in highly trained individuals

Question 33

What trend does cardiac output follow during GXT?

Answer 33

Cardiac output increases greatly at first and then less as stroke volume plateaus

Question 34

Electrocardiogram

Answer 34

Indication of the hearts ability to function normally under increased myocardial oxygen demand.

Question 35

What changes the tempo of the QRS complex during exercise

Answer 35

Changes in heart rate caused by altered action potential duration, conduction velocity, and contractile velocity

Question 36

What is the most common sign of myocardial ischemia (reduced blood flow) during a GXT

Answer 36

ST segment depression in an ECG

Question 37

aerobic training effect on resting and submaximal HR

Answer 37

Aerobic training decreases resting and submaximal blood pressure and TPR

Question 38

What changes at maximal heart rate

Answer 38

Diastolic pressure may change but systolic pressure and mean arterial pressure do not change at max

Question 39

What is the range for elevated blood pressure

Answer 39

120-129/ <80

Question 40

What is the range for hypertension stage 1

Answer 40

130-139/80-90

Question 41

What is the range for stage 2 hypertension?

Answer 41

140+/90+

Question 42

What is the range for hypertension crisis

Answer 42

180+/120+

Question 43

What is used to indicate the heart’s ability to function normally under increased myocardial oxygen demand?

Answer 43

Electrocardiogram

Question 44

What impacts blood pressure reading

Answer 44

Cuff to small or over clothing; back/ feet unsupported or legs crossed; Not resting 3-5 min prior; patient talking labored breathing; full bladder; pain; arm below or above heart level