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State Cell Physiology > Gräf > Flashcards

Gräf Flashcards

1
Q

Actin SU binding protein: thymosin

A

binding SU, prevent assembly

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2
Q

Actin SU binding protein: fromin

A

nucleates assembly, binds + end and stays associated

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3
Q

Actin SU binding protein: ARP complex

A

nucleates assembly to from a web and stays associated with the - end

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4
Q

Actin SU binding protein: profilin

A

binding SU and speeds elongation

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5
Q

Actin filament binding protein: cofilin

A

binds ADP actin filamentes at - ends, speeds dissassembly (accerlates)

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6
Q

Actin filament binding protein: gelsolin

A

serves filaments and binds to + end

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7
Q

Actin filament binding protein: filament bundling, crosslinking and attachement to the membranes

A 
fimbrin
filaminin
alpha - actinin
spectrin
ERM
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8
Q

Actin filament binding protein: capping protein

A

prevents assembly and disassembly at the + end

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9
Q

Actin filament binding protein: topomyosin

A

stabilizes filament

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10
Q

Actin-binding proteins… doing what?

A
  • regulate nucleation, assembly, disassembly
  • build or sever supramolecular structures (bundles/networks)
  • determine stability, elasticity and rigidity of cells
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11
Q

Dynamic instability in micro tubuli

A

assembly, catastrophe, disassembly,rescue

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12
Q

Functions of alpha beta dimer microtubule-associated proteins: strathmin

A

binds su, prevents disassembly

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13
Q

Functions of alpha beta dimer microtubule-associated proteins: gamma TuRC

A

nucleus assembly and remains associated with the - end

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14
Q

Functions of alpha beta dimer microtubule-associated proteins: +TIPs

A

remains associated with the + end (growing) and can link them to other structures as membranes

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15
Q

Functions of microtubule-associated proteins (microtubule): kinesin13

A

enhances catastrophic disassembly at the + end

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16
Q

Functions of microtubule-associated proteins (microtubule): katanin

A

serves microtubules

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17
Q

Functions of microtubule-associated proteins (microtubule): filament binding and crosslinking

A

TAU, MAP2, Plectin

18
Q

Functions of microtubule-associated proteins (microtubule): MAPs

A

stabilizin tubutles by binding the sides

19
Q

Functions of microtubule-associated proteins (microtubule): XMAP2015

A

stabiliting + ends and accerlerates assembly

20
Q

Microtubule specific drug: Taxol

A

binds and stabilizes microtubuls

21
Q

Drugs: which does binding the SU and prevent the polymerization?

A

Nocodazole
Vinblastine, vincristine
Colchicine, Colcemid

22
Q

Centrosome: MTOC

A

• Non-membranous organelle
• Largest protein complex of a cell with more than 100 different proteins
• Main microtubule-organizing center of the cell
• Director of cell architecture
• Evolutionarily ancient: roots back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor.
Present in most eukaryotes; secondary loss in higher plants.

23
Q

Nuclear composition

A
  1. Double membrane, outer membrane connected to the ER
  2. Nuclear pores are large proteins complexes allowing passage of large molecules through the
    nuclear envelope.
  3. The nuclear lamina beneath the inner membrane consists of lamins (= IF proteins)
  4. Chromatin with DNA
  5. Nucleolus (site of ribosome biogenesis)
24
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA molecule(s) + associated proteins; prior to S-phase 1 molecule, after S-phase 2 DNA molecules

25
Q

Chromatid

A

1 DNA molecule + associated proteins

26
Q

Chromatin

A

total nuclear DNA together with packaging proteins

27
Q

Euchromatin

A

transcriptionally active, almost uncondensed chromatin (genes)

28
Q

Heterochromatin

A

transcriptionally inactive, condensed chromatin

29
Q

Centromer

A

connecting site of sister chromatids consisting of condensed DNA with specific associated proteins

30
Q

Kinetochore

A

centromeric substructure maturating only during

mitosis (before prekinetochore). Defines the attachment site for spindle microtubules

31
Q

Centrosome

A

microtubule-organizing center, nucleation and binding site for spindle microtubules.

32
Q

Telomere

A

specialized structure at each chromosome end that protects ends and ensures complete replication of chromosome ends during S-phase

33
Q

Major function: nuclear import and export 8-fold symmetry

A
  • Pore size 30-40 nm
  • Passive diffusion of metabolites and globular proteins up to 60 kD (also depends on shape and protein species) • Disassembly into soluble subcomplexes during mitosis; re-assembly starts in telophase
  • up to 1000 molecules per sec
  • Export: RNPs, ribosome subunits, tRNAs, mRNAs
  • Import: transcription factors, chromatin components, ribosome proteins, nuclear lamina components…
  • Molecules may pass NPCs in both directions simultaneously.
  • directional transport requires NLS (z.B. PKKKRKV) or NES. Retention inside the nucleus requires NRS
34
Q

Cyclins

A
  • cyclic, cell cycle- dependent concentration
  • Regulation by ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation
  • 2 important E3- enzymes: APC/C (acting with two different substrate binding factors Cdc20 and Cdh1) and SCF (= Skp1, Cullin, F-Box)
35
Q

cell cycle control by CDKs: 3 different

main CDKs

A

Cdk4/6-CyclinD =G1-Phase CDK
Cdk2-CyclinE/A = S-Phase CDK
Cdk1-CyclinB =M-Phase-CDK

36
Q

3 important ubiquitin ligases

A
  • APC/CCdc20
  • APC/CCdh1
  • SCF
37
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Chromosome condensation (condensin translocates into the nucleus)
  2. Begin of histone H3 phosphorylation
  3. Decomposition of the nucleolus
  4. Halt of transcription
  5. Centrosome separation with 2 separate microtubule asters
  6. Disassembly of most intermediate filaments (cells round up)
  7. fragmentation of Golgi apparatus and ER
  8. reduced exocytosis > internalization of membrane anchors and receptors
38
Q

kinesin 13

A

MCAK

39
Q

kinesin 4

A

CENP-E

40
Q

Cytokinese

A
  • Formation of a contractile actin/myosin-ring in the equatorial region
  • Midbody formation (protein complex in the region of interdigitation of pole-to-pole MTs) with a role in signal transduction
  • Transport of membrane vesicles to the cleavage furrow
  • Translocation of regulatory chromosomal passenger proteins to the cleavage furrow
  • Constriction of the actomyosin rings starting in anaphase B
  • Final abscission at the site of constriction by mass vesicle fusion employing a v/t- SNARE mechanism, centrosomal components and the ESCRT complex

State Cell Physiology (5 decks)

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